Affinage · Plasmodium

Showing PF3D7_1410400 — RAP1 is a alias.

RAP1

PF3D7_1410400 · rhoptry-associated protein 1

Annotated
2026-09-08
71 papers in source corpus 20 papers cited in narrative 20 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PF3D7_1410400 (RAP1) is a rhoptry protein of Plasmodium that serves as the organizing core of the low-molecular-weight rhoptry RAP complex and supports intra-erythrocytic parasite survival after invasion (PMID:10835342, PMID:28205319). RAP1 is synthesized as an ~84 kDa primary translation product bearing a cleavable N-terminal signal peptide, matures into the Pr86 precursor during transit through the secretory pathway, and is processed within the rhoptry by two sequential N-terminal cleavages (Pr86→p82→p67), with the terminal p67/p65 form appearing only around merozoite release and absent in ring stages (PMID:8719244, PMID:9574915, PMID:1279419). Trafficking from the Golgi to the rhoptry is escorted by the GPI-anchored protein RAMA, and RAP1 carries additional signals directing rhoptry sub-compartment localization and post-invasion transfer to the parasitophorous vacuole (PMID:19266084, PMID:14613941). RAP1 is the essential nucleator of complex assembly: it associates with RAP2 and RAP3, and its genetic disruption abolishes complex formation and misroutes RAP2 to an ER-like compartment (PMID:10835342, PMID:17553576, PMID:33537242). The rhoptry-processing protease PfSUB1 cleaves RAP1 prior to egress (PMID:21220481). Functionally, the RAP complex is dispensable for rhoptry morphology and erythrocyte entry itself but is required post-invasion for parasitophorous vacuole membrane integrity, intra-erythrocytic growth, and virulence (PMID:28205319). RAP1 additionally binds the surface of uninfected erythrocytes, an activity lost in RAP1-null parasites, engaging a ~72 kDa red-cell membrane protein through defined peptide regions (PMID:17624849, PMID:15161083). Expression of RAP1 is timed to late schizogony by translational repression of its mRNA by PfAlba1 during trophozoite stages (PMID:26415947).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1990 Medium

    Establishing that the RAP1 antigen is a single processed precursor answered whether the multiple immunoreactive bands represented distinct proteins or products of one gene, defining RAP1 as an autocatalytically processed, disulfide-bonded lipophilic antigen.

    Evidence Immunoaffinity purification with monoclonal antibody cross-reactivity and reducing/non-reducing SDS-PAGE in P. falciparum

    PMID:2200961

    Open questions at the time
    • Precursor-product relationships inferred from antibody cross-reactivity rather than pulse-chase
    • Cleavage sites and responsible protease not identified
  2. 1992 High

    Mapping inhibitory epitopes and timing of the p65 form linked RAP1 processing to a functionally relevant window around merozoite release rather than invasion itself.

    Evidence Epitope mapping with fusion proteins and synthetic peptides, invasion-inhibition assays, and merozoite immunoblot in P. falciparum

    PMID:1279419

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic role of inhibitory epitopes in invasion not defined
    • Protease generating p65 not identified
  3. 1995 High

    Pharmacological dissection of RAP1 maturation established that its processing depends on transit through the classical secretory pathway, distinguishing the primary translation product from the in vivo precursor.

    Evidence Brefeldin A, low-temperature and NEM blocks plus cell-free in vitro translation and immunoblot in P. falciparum

    PMID:8719244

    Open questions at the time
    • Nature of the post-translational modification producing Pr86 not identified
    • Compartment of each cleavage not resolved
  4. 1998 High

    Defining two sequential N-terminal cleavages and their kinetics revealed RAP1 processing as an ordered, rhoptry-localized event, with pre-formed complexes with RAP2/RAP3 arising before processing.

    Evidence Epitope-specific immunoblot, immunofluorescence, size fractionation with BFA, and co-IP in P. falciparum

    PMID:9574915

    Open questions at the time
    • Protease(s) responsible not identified at the time
    • Functional consequence of each cleavage not established
  5. 2000 High

    Genetic disruption answered whether RAP1 has a hierarchical role in complex assembly, showing RAP1 is required to target RAP2 to rhoptries and to form the RAP complex.

    Evidence Gene targeting, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence in P. falciparum

    PMID:10835342

    Open questions at the time
    • Truncated RAP1 remained expressed, complicating full loss-of-function interpretation
    • Downstream functional consequence of misrouting not tested
  6. 2003 Medium

    Co-localization of RAP1 with RAMA and RhopH3 in Golgi-budding vesicles positioned RAP1 within the machinery of rhoptry biogenesis.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence co-localization with BFA treatment and subcellular fractionation in P. falciparum

    PMID:14613941

    Open questions at the time
    • No direct binding assay for RAP1 specifically
    • Interaction stoichiometry and directness unresolved
  7. 2004 Medium

    Peptide-based binding assays localized RAP1's erythrocyte-binding activity to defined high-activity regions and identified a candidate red-cell receptor.

    Evidence Synthetic peptide erythrocyte-binding assay, invasion inhibition, and membrane protein pull-down in P. falciparum

    PMID:15161083

    Open questions at the time
    • 72 kDa red-cell receptor not molecularly identified
    • No genetic validation of peptide binding relevance
  8. 2007 High

    Loss-of-function combined with biochemistry established RAP1 as necessary for tagging the surface of uninfected erythrocytes and as the abundant core of DRM-associated RAP complexes.

    Evidence Gene-disruption mutants with surface iodination/erythrocyte-binding assays; DRM purification and BN-PAGE with MS in P. falciparum

    PMID:17553576 PMID:17624849

    Open questions at the time
    • Biological role of uninfected-erythrocyte binding unclear
    • Nature of the high-molecular-weight species/aggregation not defined
  9. 2009 High

    GFP-chimera and pull-down experiments identified RAMA as the escort mediating RAP1 trafficking to the rhoptry and mapped intrinsic RAP1 signals for sub-compartment and PV targeting.

    Evidence GFP chimera live imaging, in vitro pull-down, and immunofluorescence in P. falciparum

    PMID:19266084

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular signals directing PV transfer not precisely mapped
    • Whether RAMA interaction is direct and stoichiometric not fully resolved
  10. 2011 Medium

    Proteomic substrate screening linked RAP1 processing to the essential egress protease PfSUB1.

    Evidence Bioinformatics plus quantitative proteomics of the late asexual proteome in P. falciparum

    PMID:21220481

    Open questions at the time
    • No direct mutagenesis of the RAP1 cleavage site
    • Whether PfSUB1 accounts for both cleavages not established
  11. 2015 Low

    Multiple studies addressed how RAP1 expression and trafficking are regulated, implicating PfAlba1 translational repression, immunophilin-dependent transport, and the AP-1 mu1 adaptor.

    Evidence RIP-seq/ribosome occupancy (PfAlba1); cyclophilin-ligand treatment with IFA; co-IP/co-localization/GFP imaging with Pfμ1 in P. falciparum

    PMID:25573429 PMID:26156578 PMID:26415947

    Open questions at the time
    • PfAlba1 repression inferred correlatively; cyclophilin link based on a single pharmacological readout without direct binding; Pfμ1 interaction may be indirect via a cargo receptor
    • Regulatory mechanisms not integrated into a single validated model
  12. 2017 High

    Conditional knockdown resolved the functional role of the RAP complex, showing it is dispensable for invasion but required post-invasion for PVM integrity, growth, and in vivo parasitaemia.

    Evidence Conditional knockdown, PVM electron microscopy, in vitro growth assays, and mouse infection in P. falciparum

    PMID:28205319

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism by which RAP1 supports PVM integrity not defined
    • Whether RAP1's individual contribution differs from RAP2/RAP3 not dissected
  13. 2018 Medium

    In P. berghei, genetic evidence linked RAP1 to virulence, with RAP1-deficient parasites showing altered parasitaemia dynamics and prolonged host survival.

    Evidence Comparative genomics of an attenuated strain plus RAP1-deficient mutants with in vivo parasitaemia/survival monitoring in P. berghei ANKA

    PMID:29307564

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of the virulence contribution not defined
    • Relationship to the P. falciparum post-invasion phenotype not directly compared
  14. 2019 Medium

    Immuno-EM in P. berghei sporozoites showed RAP1 rhoptry localization is conserved beyond the merozoite stage.

    Evidence Immuno-electron microscopy and RT-PCR in P. berghei sporozoites

    PMID:31552198

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional role tested in sporozoites
    • Whether the RAP complex assembles in sporozoites not addressed
  15. 2021 Medium

    Immunoaffinity purification and LC-MS/MS confirmed the composition of the low-molecular-mass RAP1/RAP2 rhoptry complex in merozoites.

    Evidence Monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity purification and LC-MS/MS in P. falciparum merozoites

    PMID:33537242

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional follow-up specific to RAP1
    • Complex structure and stoichiometry not resolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How RAP1 mechanistically maintains PVM integrity and supports intra-erythrocytic growth after being discharged into the parasitophorous vacuole remains unresolved.
  • No molecular mechanism linking RAP1 to PVM structure
  • Identity of the ~72 kDa erythrocyte receptor unknown
  • Structural model of the RAP complex lacking

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification
Partners
AP-1 MU1 SUBUNIT / PFΜ1 [#15]PFALBA1 (MRNA-BINDING TRANSLATIONAL REPRESSOR) [#11]PFSUB1 (PROCESSING PROTEASE) [#7]RAMA (GPI-ANCHORED ESCORT) [#5, #6]RAP2 [#0, #2, #9, #16]RAP3 [#0, #2]RHOPH3 (CO-LOCALIZATION) [#6]~72 KDA ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE PROTEIN (RAP1 PEPTIDE RECEPTOR) [#14]
Complex memberships
RAP1/RAP2 low-molecular-weight rhoptry complex [#0, #16]RAP1/RAP3 complex [#0, #8]

Evidence

Reading pass · 20 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 RAP1 is required for targeting RAP2 to the rhoptries. Disruption of RAP1 via gene-targeting produced parasites expressing severely truncated RAP1 that failed to complex with RAP2 and RAP3 (by immunoprecipitation), and RAP2 was instead retained in a compartment resembling the endoplasmic reticulum lumen rather than trafficking to rhoptries. Gene disruption (gene targeting), immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence localization The EMBO journal High 10835342
1995 Transport of RAP1 (p82) to the rhoptries is regulated by the secretory pathway. Brefeldin A and low temperature reversibly block processing of the 86-kDa RAP1 precursor (Pr86) to the mature 82-kDa form; N-ethylmaleimide irreversibly blocks processing. In vitro translation revealed a cleavable N-terminal signal peptide and an ~84-kDa primary translation product distinct from the in vivo Pr86 precursor, implying a post-translational modification during maturation. Pharmacological inhibition (brefeldin A, low temperature, NEM), cell-free in vitro translation, immunoblot Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 8719244
1998 RAP1 undergoes two sequential proteolytic processing events: a rapid cleavage of the Pr86 precursor to p82, and a delayed cleavage of p82 to p67, both occurring within the rhoptries by progressive removal of N-terminal epitopes. Pr86 can form complexes with RAP2 (p39) and RAP3 (p37) prior to processing. The p67 form is absent in ring-stage parasites, indicating a narrow window for its functional role around the time of merozoite invasion. Immunoblot with epitope-specific antibodies, immunofluorescence, size fractionation with brefeldin A treatment, immunoprecipitation Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 9574915
1990 RAP1 is a multi-component antigen consisting of proteins of 80, 65, 42 and 40 kDa (and minor 77 and 70 kDa forms). Monoclonal antibody evidence, autocatalytic processing, and immunological cross-reactivity indicate all components are derived from the same precursor. The antigen is lipophilic and disulfide bonding plays an important role in its structure. Immunoaffinity purification, SDS-PAGE, monoclonal antibody cross-reactivity, structural analysis (reducing/non-reducing conditions) Molecular and biochemical parasitology Medium 2200961
1992 Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies against RAP1 recognize linear epitopes mapping 10–20 amino acids C-terminal to the proteolytic cleavage site (at amino acid 190) that generates p65 from p80. The p65 (65-kDa) form is absent in purified merozoites, indicating its generation is associated with merozoite release rather than erythrocyte invasion. Epitope mapping with beta-galactosidase fusion proteins and synthetic peptides, Western blot, in vitro invasion inhibition assay, purified merozoite immunoblot Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 1279419
2009 RAP1 is escorted to the rhoptry via an interaction with the GPI-anchored rhoptry protein RAMA. GFP chimera and in vitro pull-down experiments identified RAMA as an escort for RAP1 trafficking from the Golgi to the rhoptry. Within the rhoptry, RAP1 contains distinct signals for sub-compartment localization and subsequent transfer to the parasitophorous vacuole after invasion. GFP chimera (live-cell imaging), in vitro pull-down assays, immunofluorescence PLoS pathogens High 19266084
2003 RAP1 co-localizes in close apposition with RAMA and RhopH3 within rhoptry-forming vesicles budding from the Golgi, suggesting direct protein-protein interactions relevant to rhoptry biogenesis. This co-localization is disrupted by brefeldin A. Immunofluorescence co-localization, brefeldin A treatment, subcellular fractionation The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 14613941
2011 RAP1 is a substrate of the essential P. falciparum subtilisin-like protease PfSUB1. Proteomics analysis of the late asexual blood stage proteome identified RAP1 as proteolytically processed by PfSUB1 prior to egress. Bioinformatic analysis combined with quantitative proteomics (mass spectrometry) of the late asexual blood stage proteome Infection and immunity Medium 21220481
2007 RAP1 is identified as the core component of two RAP complexes (RAP1/2 and RAP1/3) and constitutes one of the most abundant proteins in detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) of P. falciparum schizonts. BN-PAGE analysis showed RAP1 predominantly exists in high-molecular-weight species, suggesting aggregation in larger complexes than anticipated. DRM purification, blue native-PAGE, mass spectrometry Molecular and biochemical parasitology Medium 17553576
2007 RAP1 and RAP2 (but not RAP3) bind to the surface of normal (uninfected) erythrocytes. Using RAP1 gene-disruption mutant parasites and surface iodination experiments, RAP1-null parasites lost the capacity to tag erythrocytes, establishing RAP1 as necessary for this binding activity. Gene disruption mutants, surface iodination, erythrocyte-binding assay The Journal of infectious diseases High 17624849
2017 The RAP complex (including RAP1) is not required for rhoptry morphology or erythrocyte invasion, but is required post-invasion for parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) integrity and intra-erythrocytic parasite growth. Conditional knockdown of RAP complex members led to altered PVM structure, delayed intra-erythrocytic growth, and reduced parasitaemia in infected mice. Conditional knockdown, electron microscopy of PVM, in vitro growth assays, in vivo mouse infection Cellular microbiology High 28205319
2015 PfAlba1 RNA-binding protein binds Rap1 mRNA in trophozoites and represses its translation at this stage; release of the Rap1 mRNA from the PfAlba1 complex in mature stages correlates with protein synthesis. This establishes PfAlba1 as a translational repressor of RAP1 that times its expression to late schizogony. RNA immunoprecipitation with deep sequencing (RIP-seq), epitope-tagged overexpression, ribosome occupancy analysis Genome biology Medium 26415947
2015 Treatment of P. falciparum parasites with cyclophilin (CYP) ligands (cyclosporin A and related compounds) disrupts intracellular transport of RAP1, establishing that immunophilin-mediated pathways contribute to RAP1 trafficking. Pharmacological treatment with cyclophilin ligands, immunofluorescence to assess RAP1 localization Parasitology Low 26156578
1994 RAP1 (referred to as RAP-1 in a comparative context) shows coordinated and compartmentalized release from rhoptry components at the time of schizont rupture and merozoite release, distinct from the relocalization kinetics of AMA-1, as established by dual immunofluorescence with synchronized cultures. Dual immunofluorescence, metabolic labeling with [35S]methionine, synchronized parasite cultures Molecular and biochemical parasitology Low 7838184
2004 Synthetic peptides spanning the RAP1 sequence identified five high-activity binding peptides (HABPs) that bind erythrocytes in a saturable manner; some HABPs inhibited in vitro merozoite invasion and specifically bound a 72 kDa protein on the red blood cell membrane. Synthetic peptide erythrocyte-binding assay, in vitro invasion inhibition, erythrocyte membrane protein pull-down Vaccine Medium 15161083
2015 Adaptor protein complex mu1 subunit (Pfμ1) co-localizes with RAP1 in schizont-stage P. falciparum, and immunoprecipitation experiments revealed an interaction between Pfμ1 and PfRAP1, suggesting the AP-1 complex participates in RAP1 trafficking to rhoptries. Immunofluorescence co-localization, immunoprecipitation, GFP live-cell imaging Biochimica et biophysica acta Low 25573429
2021 The low-molecular-mass rhoptry protein complex comprising PfRAP1 and PfRAP2 was identified by immunoaffinity purification and LC-MS/MS from P. falciparum merozoites, confirming the composition of this complex. Monoclonal antibody generation, immunoaffinity purification, LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology Medium 33537242
2019 In Plasmodium berghei sporozoites, RAP1 localizes to rhoptries as shown by immuno-electron microscopy, demonstrating that RAP1 rhoptry localization is conserved between merozoites and sporozoites. Immuno-electron microscopy, RT-PCR for transcript detection Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology Medium 31552198
2018 In P. berghei, a deletion mutation in RAP1 was identified in an irradiation-attenuated nonlethal strain (Pb XAT). RAP1-deficient Pb ANKA parasites showed increased parasitaemia in the early phase of infection but prolonged host survival compared to controls, establishing that RAP1 contributes to parasite virulence in vivo. Comparative genomics, generation of RAP1-deficient mutants, in vivo mouse infection with parasitaemia and survival monitoring Experimental parasitology Medium 29307564
1992 Three matrix metalloproteinases (220, 95 and 70 kDa) co-isolate non-covalently with the RAP1 complex from P. falciparum. These enzymes are inhibited by EDTA but not by other proteinase inhibitors, and immunoprecipitation with gelatinase-specific antisera confirmed their identity. However, they originated from human serum used for in vitro culture and are not parasite-derived. Immunoaffinity co-isolation, immunoprecipitation, proteinase inhibitor assays, indirect immunofluorescence (negative for intracellular parasites) Biochimica et biophysica acta Low 1477099

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 71 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1994 Differential localization of full-length and processed forms of PF83/AMA-1 an apical membrane antigen of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 229 7838184
1998 Genetic polymorphism and natural selection in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Genetics 213 9584096
2003 Characterization of a membrane-associated rhoptry protein of Plasmodium falciparum. The Journal of biological chemistry 106 14613941
2000 RAP1 controls rhoptry targeting of RAP2 in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The EMBO journal 104 10835342
1990 A rhoptry antigen of Plasmodium falciparum is protective in Saimiri monkeys. Parasitology 92 2263413
1990 Characterisation and sequence of a protective rhoptry antigen from Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 90 2200961
2011 Global identification of multiple substrates for Plasmodium falciparum SUB1, an essential malarial processing protease. Infection and immunity 79 21220481
2007 Identification of protein complexes in detergent-resistant membranes of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 73 17553576
2009 Identification of rhoptry trafficking determinants and evidence for a novel sorting mechanism in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS pathogens 68 19266084
2000 Human genetic factors related to susceptibility to mild malaria in Gabon. Genes and immunity 65 11196674
1992 Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies recognise epitopes adjacent to a proteolytic cleavage site on the RAP-1 protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 55 1279419
2010 Multiple antigen peptide vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infection and immunity 52 20823210
2015 The PfAlba1 RNA-binding protein is an important regulator of translational timing in Plasmodium falciparum blood stages. Genome biology 50 26415947
1997 Molecular cloning, characterization and localization of PfPK4, an eIF-2alpha kinase-related enzyme from the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The Biochemical journal 47 9371731
1998 Inflammatory reactions in placental blood of Plasmodium falciparum-infected women and high concentrations of soluble E-selectin and a circulating P. falciparum protein in the cord sera. Immunology 41 9616377
1995 The secretary pathway of plasmodium falciparum regulates transport of p82/RAP1 to the rhoptries. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 40 8719244
2002 Identification and disruption of the gene encoding the third member of the low-molecular-mass rhoptry complex in Plasmodium falciparum. Infection and immunity 34 12183575
2000 Efficacy of vaccines containing rhoptry-associated proteins RAP1 and RAP2 of Plasmodium falciparum in Saimiri boliviensis monkeys. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 34 11220762
1998 Analysis of the processing of Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated protein 1 and localization of Pr86 to schizont rhoptries and p67 to free merozoites. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 34 9574915
1998 Analysis of inhibitory epitopes in the Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry protein RAP-1 including identification of a second inhibitory epitope. Infection and immunity 33 9423886
1997 Assessment of the humoral immune response against Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated proteins 1 and 2. Infection and immunity 33 9169771
2002 Plasmodium falciparum MAEBL is a unique member of the ebl family. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 32 12076768
2010 Proteome analysis reveals a large merozoite surface protein-1 associated complex on the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface. Journal of proteome research 31 21175202
2004 Correlation of structural development and differential expression of invasion-related molecules in schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology 31 15471003
1999 Immune responses against Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage antigens and disease susceptibility in Gabonese and Cameroonian children. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 31 10497996
2017 The Plasmodium rhoptry associated protein complex is important for parasitophorous vacuole membrane structure and intraerythrocytic parasite growth. Cellular microbiology 30 28205319
2007 Members of the low-molecular-mass rhoptry protein complex of Plasmodium falciparum bind to the surface of normal erythrocytes. The Journal of infectious diseases 30 17624849
1993 Specific T-cell recognition of the merozoite proteins rhoptry-associated protein 1 and erythrocyte-binding antigen 1 of Plasmodium falciparum. Infection and immunity 30 8418048
1993 Tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-6 production induced by components associated with merozoite proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasite immunology 30 8506119
2009 Mechanisms of malarial anaemia: potential involvement of the Plasmodium falciparum low molecular weight rhoptry-associated proteins. Acta tropica 28 19695213
2004 Human leukocyte antigen class II alleles influence levels of antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum asexual-stage apical membrane antigen 1 but not to merozoite surface antigen 2 and merozoite surface protein 1. Infection and immunity 27 15102786
1999 A longitudinal study of human antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated protein 1 in a region of seasonal and unstable malaria transmission. Infection and immunity 26 10338508
2018 Evidence that the Plasmodium falciparum Protein Sortilin Potentially Acts as an Escorter for the Trafficking of the Rhoptry-Associated Membrane Antigen to the Rhoptries. mSphere 25 29299530
1999 IgG reactivities against recombinant Rhoptry-Associated Protein-1 (rRAP-1) are associated with mixed Plasmodium infections and protection against disease in Tanzanian children. Parasitology 25 10581610
2004 Transcription status of vaccine candidate genes of Plasmodium falciparum during the hepatic phase of its life cycle. Parasitology research 24 14963770
2003 Does infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus affect the antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigenic determinants in asymptomatic pregnant women? The Journal of infection 24 12643865
2015 A role for adaptor protein complex 1 in protein targeting to rhoptry organelles in Plasmodium falciparum. Biochimica et biophysica acta 22 25573429
2010 Evidence for negative selection on the gene encoding rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1) in Plasmodium spp. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases 22 20363375
2006 The Plasmodium vivax rhoptry-associated protein 1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 21 16458855
1997 Antibody responses to Rhoptry-Associated Protein-1 (RAP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in humans from areas of different malaria endemicity. Parasite immunology 20 9347514
1996 Limited RAP-1 sequence diversity in field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 19 8784775
1992 Molecular factors responsible for host cell recognition and invasion in Plasmodium falciparum. The Journal of protozoology 19 1560416
1998 Antigenicity of recombinant proteins derived from rhoptry-associated protein 1 of Plasmodium falciparum. Infection and immunity 18 9488393
1996 A peptide derived from a B cell epitope of Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry associated protein 2 specifically raises antibodies to rhoptry associated protein 1. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 18 8946383
2019 Expression and Localization Profiles of Rhoptry Proteins in Plasmodium berghei Sporozoites. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 17 31552198
2000 Interaction of HLA and age on levels of antibody to Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated proteins 1 and 2. Infection and immunity 17 10722624
1995 Immunogenicity of recombinant Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry associated proteins 1 and 2. Parasite immunology 17 8834763
2007 Naturally acquired immunity and reduced susceptibility to falciparum malaria in two subpopulations of endemic eastern India. Scandinavian journal of immunology 16 18086262
2001 Rhoptry-associated protein 1-binding monoclonal antibody raised against a heterologous peptide sequence inhibits Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro. Infection and immunity 16 11254620
1996 Immunoglobulin G reactivities to rhoptry-associated protein-1 associated with decreased levels of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in Tanzanian children. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 16 9025691
2008 Differential antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite proteins in Malawian children with severe malaria. The Journal of infectious diseases 15 18260767
2009 Limited genetic polymorphism of the Plasmodium vivax low molecular weight rhoptry protein complex in the Colombian population. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases 14 20026428
2008 Effect of placental malaria and HIV infection on the antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum in infants. The Journal of infectious diseases 14 18928377
2004 Specific erythrocyte binding capacity and biological activity of Plasmodium falciparum-derived rhoptry-associated protein 1 peptides. Vaccine 13 15161083
2016 Genetic diversity and natural selection in the rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1) of recent Plasmodium knowlesi clinical isolates from Malaysia. Malaria journal 12 26847346
1998 A study of antibody and T cell recognition of rhoptry-associated protein-1 (RAP-1) and RAP-2 recombinant proteins and peptides of Plasmodium falciparum in migrants and residents of the state of Rondonia, Brazil. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 12 9715934
1999 Modulation of host immune responses by protozoal DNA. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 11 10614497
2015 Immunophilin-protein interactions in Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology 10 26156578
2011 Antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry protein RAP-2/RSP-2 in relation to anaemia in Cameroonian children. Parasite immunology 10 21226723
2018 Self-assembling functional programmable protein array for studying protein-protein interactions in malaria parasites. Malaria journal 9 30016987
2016 Plasmodium falciparum Rab1A Localizes to Rhoptries in Schizonts. PloS one 9 27348424
2021 Identification of a Novel RAMA/RON3 Rhoptry Protein Complex in Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 8 33537242
2020 Plasmodium falciparum Clag9-Associated PfRhopH Complex Is Involved in Merozoite Binding to Human Erythrocytes. Infection and immunity 8 31712270
2018 Comparative genomics and proteomic analyses between lethal and nonlethal strains of Plasmodium berghei. Experimental parasitology 8 29307564
1994 Characterization of a new 60 kDa apical protein of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite expressed in late schizogony. Biology of the cell 7 7606209
1992 Towards a malaria vaccine: riding the rollercoaster between unrealistic optimism and lethal pessimism. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 7 1298072
2010 Conserved regions of the Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated protein 3 mediate specific host-pathogen interactions during invasion of red blood cells. Peptides 4 20833215
2022 Genetic Diversity and Clustering of the Rhoptry Associated Protein-1 of Plasmodium knowlesi from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. The Korean journal of parasitology 3 36588415
2022 Protection and Alleviated Inflammation Induced by Virus-like Particle Vaccines Containing Plasmodium berghei MSP-8, MSP-9 and RAP1. Vaccines 2 35214662
1992 Three matrix metalloproteinases form a non-covalent association with the rhoptry-associated protein-1 of Plasmodium falciparum. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1 1477099
2024 Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi in whole blood samples with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rhoptry-associated protein 1 specific polyclonal antibodies. Journal of vector borne diseases 0 38922654