Affinage · Plasmodium

LDH

PF3D7_1324900 · L-lactate dehydrogenase

Annotated
2026-09-08
89 papers in source corpus 14 papers cited in narrative 14 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PF3D7_1324900 (LDH) encodes the P. falciparum L-lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the terminal step of homolactic glycolysis, reducing pyruvate to lactate to regenerate NAD+ for blood-stage energy production (PMID:8515777). The gene is a single-copy, intron-free locus on chromosome 13 expressed across asexual blood stages as a 1.6-kb mRNA encoding a 316-amino-acid enzyme with confirmed LDH activity on recombinant expression (PMID:8515777). The enzyme is kinetically and structurally distinct from human LDH: it is not subject to substrate inhibition by high pyruvate and is selectively sensitive to sodium deoxycholate (PMID:7038478), preferentially uses the coenzyme analog APAD (PMID:8447524), and carries a five-amino-acid insertion (DKEWN) in the substrate specificity loop shared across human-infecting Plasmodium species (PMID:15147206). Ancestral protein resurrection established that apicomplexan LDH arose by neofunctionalization from malate dehydrogenase, with the specificity switch driven by an insertion that repositioned the specificity residue to Trp107f rather than the canonical Arg→Gln substitution (PMID:24966208). These parasite-unique active-site features have been exploited by selective competitive inhibitors that stack against the NAD+ nicotinamide ring at ~100-fold selectivity over human LDH (PMID:15117937, PMID:15978953) and by a DNA aptamer that discriminates PfLDH via a loop absent in the human enzyme (PMID:24043813). Trophozoites express the highest LDH activity and mRNA and are the stage most susceptible to selective LDH inhibition, consistent with their elevated glycolytic energy demand (PMID:16098967).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 1981 High

    Establishing that parasite LDH is kinetically distinct from host LDH addressed whether the enzyme could be differentiated biochemically, a prerequisite for selective targeting and detection.

    Evidence Partial purification from parasitized erythrocytes with kinetic and inhibition characterization

    PMID:7038478

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the loss of substrate inhibition not resolved at this stage
    • No gene sequence yet linking properties to a specific locus
  2. 1993 High

    Demonstrating preferential APAD coenzyme use answered whether parasite LDH activity could be measured selectively over abundant host LDH, enabling diagnostic exploitation.

    Evidence Coenzyme-analog enzyme activity assay comparing parasite and human erythrocyte LDH

    PMID:8447524

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular determinant of APAD preference not defined
    • Did not establish in vivo essentiality
  3. 1993 High

    Cloning the single-copy, intron-free gene and expressing active recombinant enzyme assigned the biochemical LDH activity to a defined locus and revealed a novel structural insertion, grounding all subsequent structure-based work.

    Evidence Gene cloning, sequencing, E. coli expression with activity assay, and Northern blot

    PMID:8515777

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of the 5-amino-acid insertion not yet tested
    • No genetic essentiality demonstrated
  4. 1999 Medium

    Antibody-based immunocapture of LDH enzymatic activity answered whether the enzyme could serve as a quantitative and species-discriminating diagnostic marker tracking parasitemia.

    Evidence Immunocapture activity assay and immunochromatographic test with a monoclonal antibody panel

    PMID:9988333

    Open questions at the time
    • Epitopes distinguishing species not mapped
    • Diagnostic performance is a clinical rather than mechanistic readout
  5. 2004 High

    Crystal structures with azole inhibitors defined how selective competitive inhibitors engage the active site, converting the biochemical distinctness of PfLDH into a druggable model.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of inhibitor complexes with inhibition assays and a P. berghei in vivo model

    PMID:15117937

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo target engagement in P. falciparum not directly shown
    • Resistance liability not assessed
  6. 2004 High

    Comparative kinetics across four human malaria species established which structural features are conserved (the DKEWN insert, proline substitutions) versus divergent (kinetic and inhibitor constants), refining the target definition for pan-species inhibition.

    Evidence Recombinant expression, kinetic characterization, homology modeling, and docking across four Plasmodium species

    PMID:15147206

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological consequence of inter-species kinetic differences unknown
    • Modeling for non-falciparum species not structurally confirmed
  7. 2005 High

    Structures with gossypol-derived naphthalene inhibitors identified binding sites bridging the cofactor and substrate pockets that encompass Plasmodium-unique features, expanding the map of selective inhibitor engagement.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of multiple inhibitor complexes with inhibition assays

    PMID:15978953

    Open questions at the time
    • Cellular efficacy of these binding modes not established
    • Selectivity margin over human LDH not quantified here
  8. 2005 Medium

    Correlating stage-specific LDH activity and mRNA with inhibitor susceptibility answered which parasite stage depends most on LDH, showing trophozoites are the primary vulnerable stage.

    Evidence Stage-specific activity assays, RT-PCR, and susceptibility testing with selective inhibitor OXD1

    PMID:16098967

    Open questions at the time
    • Genetic proof of trophozoite LDH essentiality not provided
    • Correlation does not exclude off-target inhibitor effects
  9. 2013 High

    Structural and biophysical characterization of a selective DNA aptamer answered whether a non-antibody ligand could exploit a PfLDH-specific loop, providing an atomic-resolution basis for diagnostic recognition.

    Evidence SELEX with counterselection, ITC/EMSA/SPR binding, and a 2.1-Å aptamer:PfLDH crystal structure

    PMID:24043813

    Open questions at the time
    • Aptamer performance in clinical matrices not established here
    • Does not address enzyme catalysis
  10. 2014 High

    Ancestral resurrection resolved the evolutionary and structural origin of PfLDH substrate specificity, showing it arose from MDH via an insertion shifting the specificity residue to Trp107f, explaining the enzyme's distinctive active-site architecture.

    Evidence Ancestral protein resurrection, crystallography of ancestral proteins, kinetic assays, and mutational analysis

    PMID:24966208

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not address whether MDH can compensate for LDH in vivo
    • Long-range epistatic residues not exhaustively mapped
  11. 2003 Low

    Identification of LDH among FPIX-binding proteins in chloroquine-treated parasites raised the possibility that drug-induced heme binding contributes to glycolytic inhibition.

    Evidence FPIX-binding protein extraction from parasite cytosol with sequencing and in vitro inhibition assays

    PMID:12669348

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct inhibition of LDH by FPIX in intact cells not demonstrated
    • Single pulldown-based identification without orthogonal validation
    • Contribution to chloroquine action unquantified
  12. 2004 Low

    Observing reciprocal PfLDH down / PfMDH up expression under gossypol treatment raised the hypothesis of functional redundancy between LDH and MDH in maintaining NAD/NADH balance.

    Evidence Gossypol treatment of synchronized trophozoites with protein expression analysis and recombinant PfMDH characterization

    PMID:15317584

    Open questions at the time
    • Redundancy inferred from expression changes, not tested genetically
    • LDH was not the primary experimental subject
    • Direct metabolic complementation not shown
  13. 2019 Low

    Detection of PfLDH as the sole overexpressed parasite protein in high-parasitemia extracellular vesicles, with EV-associated apoptosis induction, raised a non-metabolic role in density-dependent population regulation.

    Evidence Comparative EV proteomics and EV-transfer apoptosis assays

    PMID:30911042

    Open questions at the time
    • Role of EV LDH enzymatic activity versus other cargo not resolved
    • Mechanism of intercellular signaling undefined
    • Single-lab observation
  14. 2025 Medium

    Genetic dissection in P. berghei showed the canonical blood-stage LDH (LDH1, the PF3D7_1324900 ortholog) is sufficient for microgamete motility, while a distinct paralog LDH2 supports male gametogenesis cytokinesis.

    Evidence Genetic knockout of P. berghei LDH2 with exflagellation, oocyst, and microgamete motility phenotyping

    PMID:40603939

    Open questions at the time
    • The knockout characterizes LDH2, not PF3D7_1324900/LDH1
    • LDH1 sufficiency shown only for motility, not the full sexual stage
    • Findings are in P. berghei, not P. falciparum

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Whether PF3D7_1324900 is genetically essential in P. falciparum blood stages and how its putative extracellular/EV-associated roles relate to its catalytic function remain unresolved.
  • No conditional knockout or genetic essentiality data for PF3D7_1324900 in P. falciparum in the corpus
  • Non-metabolic EV role not mechanistically defined
  • Extent of MDH functional compensation untested genetically

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification
Partners
APAD COENZYME ANALOG (PREFERRED SUBSTRATE COFACTOR) [#0]AZOLE AND NAPHTHALENE/GOSSYPOL-DERIVED COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS [#3, #5]DNA APTAMER 2008S (SELECTIVE LIGAND) [#6]FERRIPROTOPORPHYRIN IX (FPIX) BINDING UNDER CHLOROQUINE TREATMENT [#9]NAD+/NADH COFACTOR [#1, #3]
Complex memberships
Homotetramer (PfLDH tetramer bound by 2:1 aptamer stoichiometry) [#6]

Evidence

Reading pass · 14 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1993 P. falciparum LDH (PF3D7_1324900) preferentially uses 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide (APAD) as a coenzyme in the pyruvate-to-lactate reaction at rates far exceeding those of human red blood cell LDH isoforms, enabling selective enzymatic detection of parasite LDH in hemolysates and serum. Enzyme activity assay using APAD as coenzyme analog; comparison with human erythrocyte LDH The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene High 8447524
1981 Partial purification of P. falciparum LDH (LDH-P) from parasitized erythrocytes showed distinct kinetic properties from human LDH isoforms: KM(NADH) ~7 µM (similar to LDH-H4), KM(pyruvate) ~30 µM, and crucially, LDH-P is not subject to substrate inhibition by high pyruvate concentrations, unlike human LDH-H4 and LDH-M4. LDH-P is also rapidly inactivated by sodium deoxycholate at concentrations that do not affect human LDH-H4. Partial purification by DEAE-Sephadex and HPLC; kinetic characterization with NADH and pyruvate substrates; inhibition assays Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 7038478
1993 P. falciparum LDH (PF3D7_1324900) gene contains no introns, is present as a single copy on chromosome 13, and is expressed in all asexual blood stages as a 1.6-kb mRNA encoding a 316-amino-acid, 33-kDa protein with LDH enzymatic activity when expressed in E. coli. The primary structure shows a novel 5-amino-acid insertion (within the conserved mobile loop region near Arg109) not found in other LDH enzymes, and several distinctive single amino acid insertions/deletions compared to vertebrate and bacterial LDH. Gene cloning, sequencing, prokaryotic expression in E. coli (pKK223-3 vector), enzymatic activity assay of recombinant protein, Northern blot for stage-specific expression Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 8515777
2004 Crystal structures of P. falciparum LDH in complex with azole-based competitive inhibitors reveal that these compounds form a network of interactions within the enzyme active site, stacking alongside the nicotinamide ring of the NAD+ cofactor. This binding mode is selective for PfLDH over human LDH, with inhibition at ~100-fold lower concentrations for the parasite enzyme. X-ray crystallography of PfLDH-inhibitor complexes; enzyme inhibition assays; in vitro antiparasitic activity assays; in vivo P. berghei mouse model The Journal of biological chemistry High 15117937
2004 Comparative kinetic analysis of recombinant LDH from all four human malaria parasite species (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale) showed that catalytic residues are identical, residues I250 and T246 (conserved in most LDH) are replaced by proline in all pLDH, and all contain the same five-amino-acid insert (DKEWN) in the substrate specificity loops. Despite high structural similarity, Michaelis constants for pyruvate and lactate differ 8-9-fold and for cofactors up to 4-fold among species, and inhibitor dissociation constants differ up to 21-fold. Cloning, recombinant expression, kinetic characterization, homology modeling using PfLDH crystal structure, molecular docking Biochemistry High 15147206
2005 Crystal structures of P. falciparum LDH in complex with naphthalene-based (gossypol-derived) compounds identified two binding modes: one overlapping the pyruvate binding site, and one bridging the nicotinamide cofactor binding site and the pyruvate substrate site. The latter site encompasses molecular features unique to Plasmodium LDH forms and likely represents the gossypol binding site. An unexpected substrate analogue binding within the adenine pocket of the cofactor groove was also observed. X-ray crystallography of PfLDH-inhibitor complexes; enzyme inhibition assays Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 15978953
2013 A DNA aptamer (2008s) binds P. falciparum LDH with a dissociation constant of 42 nM and 2:1 protein:aptamer molar stoichiometry (two aptamers per PfLDH tetramer). The 2.1-Å crystal structure of the aptamer:PfLDH complex reveals a distorted hairpin structure with Watson-Crick base-paired stem and two distinct loops, each with one base flipped out. Aptamer binding specificity is dictated by extensive interactions of one aptamer loop with a PfLDH loop absent in human LDH. SELEX aptamer selection with counterselection against human LDH; isothermal titration calorimetry; electrophoretic mobility shift assay; surface plasmon resonance; X-ray crystallography at 2.1-Å resolution; gold nanoparticle colorimetric detection Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 24043813
2014 Ancestral protein resurrection studies revealed that apicomplexan LDH (including P. falciparum LDH) evolved from malate dehydrogenase (MDH) via neofunctionalization characterized by long-range epistasis, a promiscuous intermediate, and few gain-of-function mutations of large effect. The substrate specificity switch was mediated primarily by an insertion that shifted the position and identity of the 'specificity residue' from Arg102 (in canonical MDHs) to Trp107f in apicomplexan LDH, rather than the simple Arg102→Gln102 substitution seen in canonical LDHs. Crystal structures of three ancestral proteins bracketing the key duplication event confirmed that residues far from the active site also determine specificity. Ancestral protein resurrection; X-ray crystallography of ancestral proteins; enzyme kinetic assays measuring substrate specificity; mutational analysis eLife High 24966208
1999 Monoclonal antibodies can selectively capture P. falciparum LDH enzymatic activity from infected blood, enabling both quantitative measurement (immunocapture pLDH activity assay using APAD coenzyme analog) and species discrimination between P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum malaria using antibody combinations. pLDH activity levels closely mirror parasitemia during initial diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Immunocapture enzyme activity assay; immunochromatographic test (OptiMAL); monoclonal antibody panel development The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene Medium 9988333
2003 Treatment of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes with chloroquine leads to binding of ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FPIX) to a subset of parasite proteins including L-lactate dehydrogenase, as identified by protein extraction using FPIX-binding capacity followed by sequencing. This suggests drug-induced FPIX binding to LDH as a potential component of chloroquine's antimalarial mechanism through inhibition of glycolysis. FPIX-binding protein extraction from parasite cytosol of chloroquine-treated parasitized erythrocytes; protein sequencing; in vitro enzyme inhibition assays Parasite (Paris, France) Low 12669348
2004 Treatment of P. falciparum trophozoites with gossypol (which targets the nucleotide binding site of oxidoreductases) reduced expression of PfLDH while inducing expression of PfMDH, suggesting that PfMDH may complement PfLDH function in NAD/NADH coupling when PfLDH is inhibited. This implies PfLDH and PfMDH may share functional redundancy in maintaining glycolytic flux. Synchronized P. falciparum trophozoite culture treatment with gossypol; protein expression analysis; recombinant PfMDH biochemical characterization European journal of biochemistry Low 15317584
2005 P. falciparum trophozoites have higher PfLDH enzyme activity and higher PfLDH-RNA expression levels than ring-stage parasites and are the most susceptible stage to the selective PfLDH inhibitor OXD1. This stage-specific vulnerability is consistent with trophozoites having increased energy requirements from glycolysis. Stage-specific enzyme activity assay; RT-PCR for PfLDH mRNA; in vitro drug susceptibility assays across a panel of P. falciparum strains; stage-specific parasite exposure to inhibitor OXD1 Experimental parasitology Medium 16098967
2019 Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from high-parasitemia P. falciparum cultures contain PfLDH as the only parasite protein overexpressed compared to EVs from low-parasitemia cultures. EV-associated PfLDH can induce programmed cell death (apoptosis-like processes) in P. falciparum populations, suggesting a role for PfLDH in density-dependent parasite population regulation via intercellular signaling through EVs. Comparative proteomics of EVs from low vs. high parasitemia cultures; EV treatment of P. falciparum cultures; apoptosis assays (programmed cell death markers) Scientific reports Low 30911042
2025 A second LDH enzyme (LDH2) in Plasmodium berghei, expressed exclusively in male gametocytes and microgametes, supplements LDH1 (the canonical blood-stage LDH) activity to facilitate the cytokinesis step of male gametogenesis. Knockout of P. berghei LDH2 reduces the number and size of exflagellation centres and radically diminishes oocyst development in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. LDH1 alone is sufficient for motility of free-swimming microgametes after cytokinesis. Genetic knockout of P. berghei LDH2; exflagellation centre counting; oocyst quantification in A. stephensi mosquitoes; functional characterization of microgamete motility Scientific reports Medium 40603939

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 89 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1993 Measurement of the lactate dehydrogenase activity of Plasmodium falciparum as an assessment of parasitemia. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 443 8447524
2010 A large proportion of P. falciparum isolates in the Amazon region of Peru lack pfhrp2 and pfhrp3: implications for malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PloS one 386 20111602
2003 Resistance to antimalarials in Southeast Asia and genetic polymorphisms in pfmdr1. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 220 12878499
1999 Immunocapture diagnostic assays for malaria using Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH). The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 165 9988333
2010 Inhibitors of lactate dehydrogenase isoforms and their therapeutic potentials. Current medicinal chemistry 163 20088761
2010 African apes as reservoirs of Plasmodium falciparum and the origin and diversification of the Laverania subgenus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116 20498054
2005 Meta-analysis: accuracy of rapid tests for malaria in travelers returning from endemic areas. Annals of internal medicine 109 15897534
2004 Identification and activity of a series of azole-based compounds with lactate dehydrogenase-directed anti-malarial activity. The Journal of biological chemistry 104 15117937
2013 Structural basis for discriminatory recognition of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase by a DNA aptamer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 24043813
2011 Antimalarial activity of potential inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase enzyme selected by docking studies. PloS one 101 21779323
2004 Persistent histidine-rich protein 2, parasite lactate dehydrogenase, and panmalarial antigen reactivity after clearance of Plasmodium falciparum monoinfection. Journal of clinical microbiology 101 15365017
1975 Genetic studies on Plasmodium chabaudi: recombination between enzyme markers. Parasitology 96 1118185
1998 Selective inhibitors of human lactate dehydrogenases and lactate dehydrogenase from the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of medicinal chemistry 88 9748363
2006 Stronger host response per parasitized erythrocyte in Plasmodium vivax or ovale than in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH 87 16772003
1981 Enzyme typing of Plasmodium falciparum from African and some other Old World countries. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80 7029800
2004 Comparative structural analysis and kinetic properties of lactate dehydrogenases from the four species of human malarial parasites. Biochemistry 78 15147206
1998 Lactate dehydrogenase and the diagnosis of malaria. Parasitology today (Personal ed.) 68 17040820
2014 An atomic-resolution view of neofunctionalization in the evolution of apicomplexan lactate dehydrogenases. eLife 66 24966208
2012 A highly sensitive aptasensor towards Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase for the diagnosis of malaria. Biosensors & bioelectronics 66 22459583
1993 Expression of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 62 8515777
1981 Partial purification and characterization of lactate dehydrogenase from Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 61 7038478
2020 Identification of a novel binding mechanism of Quinoline based molecules with lactate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics 57 31903852
2005 Mapping the binding site for gossypol-like inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 57 15978953
2001 The kinetic properties and sensitivities to inhibitors of lactate dehydrogenases (LDH1 and LDH2) from Toxoplasma gondii: comparisons with pLDH from Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 57 11704270
2007 Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Journal of medicinal chemistry 54 17636950
2019 Lactate Dehydrogenase Inhibition: Biochemical Relevance and Therapeutical Potential. Current medicinal chemistry 49 28183261
1961 Molecular heterogeneity of lactic dehydrogenase in avian malaria (Plasmodium lophurae). The Journal of experimental medicine 49 13911722
2020 Impact of Plasmodium falciparum gene deletions on malaria rapid diagnostic test performance. Malaria journal 44 33148265
2019 Electrochemical POC device for fast malaria quantitative diagnosis in whole blood by using magnetic beads, Poly-HRP and microfluidic paper electrodes. Biosensors & bioelectronics 44 31818756
2017 Recent Progress in the Development of Diagnostic Tests for Malaria. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 42 28925968
2007 Generation of oxamic acid libraries: antimalarials and inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase. Journal of combinatorial chemistry 42 17316052
2013 Glabridin induces oxidative stress mediated apoptosis like cell death of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology international 41 24361284
2013 Usefulness of Plasmodium falciparum-specific rapid diagnostic tests for assessment of parasite clearance and detection of recurrent infections after artemisinin-based combination therapy. Malaria journal 40 24079306
2016 A chemical susceptibility profile of the Plasmodium falciparum transmission stages by complementary cell-based gametocyte assays. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 39 26888912
2017 Aptamer-mediated Plasmodium-specific diagnosis of malaria. Biochimie 36 29080831
2004 An alpha-proteobacterial type malate dehydrogenase may complement LDH function in Plasmodium falciparum. Cloning and biochemical characterization of the enzyme. European journal of biochemistry 36 15317584
2003 The treatment of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes with chloroquine leads to accumulation of ferriprotoporphyrin IX bound to particular parasite proteins and to the inhibition of the parasite's 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Parasite (Paris, France) 36 12669348
2005 Plasmodium falciparum: stage specific effects of a selective inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase. Experimental parasitology 35 16098967
1981 S-antigens and isozymes in strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 34 7036439
2017 Performance of pfHRP2 versus pLDH antigen rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of medical science : AMS 33 28507567
2019 Simultaneous Quantification of Plasmodium Antigens and Host Factor C-Reactive Protein in Asymptomatic Individuals with Confirmed Malaria by Use of a Novel Multiplex Immunoassay. Journal of clinical microbiology 32 30404944
2016 HRP2 and pLDH-Based Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Expert Microscopy, and PCR for Detection of Malaria Infection during Pregnancy and at Delivery in Areas of Varied Transmission: A Prospective Cohort Study in Burkina Faso and Uganda. PloS one 31 27380525
2015 Immunomagnetic capture and colorimetric detection of malarial biomarker Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase. Analytical biochemistry 31 26475567
2021 Lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase: Potential antiparasitic targets for drug development studies. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 30 34687983
2024 Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions among patients enrolled at 100 health facilities throughout Tanzania: February to July 2021. Scientific reports 29 38589477
2014 Cationic surfactant-based colorimetric detection of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase, a biomarker for malaria, using the specific DNA aptamer. PloS one 29 24992632
2004 Genetic distance in housekeeping genes between Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium reichenowi and within P. falciparum. Journal of molecular evolution 29 15693624
2020 Quantification of malaria antigens PfHRP2 and pLDH by quantitative suspension array technology in whole blood, dried blood spot and plasma. Malaria journal 28 31918718
2010 Anti-peptide antibodies differentiate between plasmodial lactate dehydrogenases. Peptides 27 20093160
2019 Clearance dynamics of lactate dehydrogenase and aldolase following antimalarial treatment for Plasmodium falciparum infection. Parasites & vectors 26 31182154
2020 Summary of discordant results between rapid diagnosis tests, microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction for detecting Plasmodium mixed infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific reports 25 32728145
2013 Blackwater fever in Congolese children: a report of clinical, laboratory features and risk factors. Malaria journal 24 23767699
2004 Cloning, sequence and expression of the lactate dehydrogenase gene from the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium vivax. Biotechnology letters 24 15218378
2017 Plasmodium glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: A potential malaria diagnostic target. Experimental parasitology 23 28552792
2020 Multiplex Human Malaria Array: Quantifying Antigens for Malaria Rapid Diagnostics. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 22 32189616
2020 Mesenchymal stromal cells protect against vascular damage and depression-like behavior in mice surviving cerebral malaria. Stem cell research & therapy 22 32843073
2021 1,2,3-Triazole derivatives: synthesis, docking, cytotoxicity analysis and in vivo antimalarial activity. Chemico-biological interactions 21 34627786
2020 Rapid diagnostic tests for Plasmodium vivax malaria in endemic countries. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 21 33146932
2022 Performance of highly sensitive and conventional rapid diagnostic tests for clinical and subclinical Plasmodium falciparum infections, and hrp2/3 deletion status in Burundi. PLOS global public health 20 36962426
2013 Performance of rapid diagnostic tests for imported malaria in clinical practice: results of a national multicenter study. PloS one 20 24098699
2019 Extracellular vesicles carrying lactate dehydrogenase induce suicide in increased population density of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Scientific reports 19 30911042
2014 Performance of coumarin-derived dendrimer-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) to detect malaria antigen. Malaria journal 19 25011624
2014 Comparative performance of aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase rapid diagnostic tests in Plasmodium vivax detection. Malaria journal 19 25015737
2012 Cloning, overexpression, purification and characterization of Plasmodium knowlesi lactate dehydrogenase. Protein expression and purification 19 22683723
2004 Sulfonyl-phenyl-ureido benzamidines; a novel structural class of potent antimalarial agents. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 19 15050641
2003 Clinical features of Plasmodium vivax malaria. The Korean journal of internal medicine 18 14717229
2024 Assessment of the Performance of Lactate Dehydrogenase-Based Rapid Diagnostic Test for Malaria in Djibouti in 2022-2023. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 17 38337778
2021 In vivo anti-malarial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of rhizomes of Kniphofia foliosa and its constituents. Malaria journal 17 33386079
2020 Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenases in Myanmar isolates. Malaria journal 16 32019541
2025 Performance and usability evaluation of three LDH-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Kédougou, Senegal. Parasites & vectors 6 40652282
2025 Investigating the Abbott-Bioline™ malaria antigen Pf/Pv rapid diagnostic test. Malaria journal 4 41094482
2025 Estimating malaria antigen dynamics and the time to negativity of next-generation malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Malaria journal 3 40186233
2025 Aptamers as innovative tools for malaria diagnosis and treatment: advances and future perspectives. Biology methods & protocols 2 40223817
2025 Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of the newly introduced and existing malaria tests in Northwest Ethiopia. PloS one 2 40333915
2025 Deletion of target gene (histidine-rich protein 2/3) for Plasmodium falciparum rapid diagnostic tests in Amhara region, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Malaria journal 2 40753217
2025 Refining malaria diagnosis in high-transmission areas: a dual-approach with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and dbPCR-NALFIA. Malaria journal 2 40775719
2025 First field evaluation of novel LDH- and HRP2-based rapid tests for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria diagnosis. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2 41144516
2025 First Evidence of Anti-Plasmodium vivax (Plasmodiidae): Activity of the Essential Oil and 6-Ishwarone Isolated from Piper alatipetiolatum Yunck. (Piperaceae). Biomedicines 2 41301879
2025 Identification of Potential Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum L-lactate Dehydrogenase From Selected African Compound Libraries: Virtual Screening, Molecular Mechanics-Generalized Born Surface Area, and Molecular Dynamics Studies. Chemistry & biodiversity 1 40289738
2025 A paternal lactate dehydrogenase critically enhances male gametogenesis and malaria transmission. Scientific reports 1 40603939
2025 [Artesunate and Severe Malaria: The Importance of Proper Treatment Steps and Laboratory Monitoring]. Mikrobiyoloji bulteni 1 41165111
2026 Experimental plasmonic sensing of malaria using an aluminum metasurface. Nanoscale advances 0 41647798
2026 Diagnostic accuracy of novel Biocredit species-specific LDH-based immunochromatographic assay for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax detection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC infectious diseases 0 41761145
2026 Risk factors and geospatial associations with Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection and IgG seroprevalence: Nigeria, 2018. The Journal of infectious diseases 0 41960779
2026 High-Altitude Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Reservoirs in Ethiopia Are Not Linked to Recent Travel. Open forum infectious diseases 0 42205596
2026 Highly sensitive detection of species-specific malaria antigens using a cellulose nanobead-based lateral flow immunoassay. Mikrochimica acta 0 42295386
2026 Biological activity of Juglans regia leaf extract and in silico evaluation of its phytochemicals against Plasmodium berghei target proteins. Helminthologia 0 42305886
2025 Evaluation of GDH and HDP as novel serological biomarkers for Plasmodium falciparum malaria diagnosis across varying parasitemia and transmission settings in India. PloS one 0 41091754
2025 Clinical evaluation of a novel Mologic malaria Plasmodium falciparum LDH-dependent lateral flow rapid diagnostic test diagnostic accuracy: a cross-sectional study, Sudan. Malaria journal 0 41163208