GLURP

PF3D7_1035300 · glutamate-rich protein GLURP

Annotated: 2026-09-08

100 papers in source corpus 13 papers cited in narrative 13 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

GLURP (PF3D7_1035300) is a 220-kDa glutamate-rich P. falciparum exoantigen expressed across both preerythrocytic (hepatic) and erythrocytic stages of the vertebrate life cycle and displayed on the surface of intact merozoites (PMID:1775153, PMID:28329101). Structurally it is organized into a conserved non-repetitive N-terminal region (R0) and central/C-terminal repeat regions (R1, R2), which define its immunodominant architecture: the R2 repeat region drives the dominant naturally acquired antibody response and shows length polymorphism, whereas R0 is immunodominant and notably conserved across geographically diverse isolates and harbors the T-helper epitopes and key B-cell epitopes, including the functionally dominant P3 epitope (PMID:7719909, PMID:10930674, PMID:11087922, PMID:11500389). Functionally, anti-GLURP cytophilic IgG does not directly block merozoite invasion but kills parasites through monocyte-dependent antibody-dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) and opsonic phagocytosis, and these effector mechanisms are recapitulated by both naturally acquired antibodies and vaccine-induced human responses (PMID:9423833, PMID:10930674, PMID:16914240, PMID:28329101). The R0 domain behaves as an intrinsically disordered, heat-stable region exploitable as a recombinant fusion carrier for otherwise difficult-to-produce Plasmodium antigens (PMID:29618355). GLURP has been characterized primarily as an antigen and vaccine target; a catalytic or structural role for the protein within the parasite has not been established in the available corpus.

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 9 steps

1991 Medium
Establishing GLURP as a defined gene product and where it is expressed was the first prerequisite for any functional or vaccine work, resolving whether the antigen is stage-restricted.

Evidence Gene cloning and sequencing plus immunoelectron microscopy localizing GLURP to erythrocytic and hepatic parasite stages

PMID:1775153
Open questions at the time
- Does not define a biochemical or structural function for the protein in the parasite
- Subcellular localization within stages not resolved beyond stage-level EM staining
1995 Medium
Dissecting GLURP into R0/R1/R2 domains and mapping the human antibody response established which regions are immunodominant, focusing subsequent vaccine and epitope work.

Evidence Recombinant expression of R0, R1, R2 in E. coli with endemic-adult ELISA, mouse immunization, and immunoprecipitation of native antigen

PMID:2035752 PMID:7719909
Open questions at the time
- Immunodominance does not itself demonstrate protective function
- Weak R1 reactivity left mechanistically unexplained
1998 High
Determining whether anti-GLURP IgG works by blocking invasion or by a cellular mechanism was decisive: it showed the antibodies act through monocyte-dependent ADCI rather than direct inhibition, defining the effector logic of GLURP immunity.

Evidence Affinity-purified domain-specific IgG from immune Liberian sera tested in direct invasion-inhibition and monocyte-dependent ADCI assays

PMID:9423833
Open questions at the time
- Molecular target/mechanism of the ADCI effect on the parasite not identified
- Relative contribution of individual epitopes not yet ranked
2000 High
Fine-mapping R0 B-cell epitopes and ranking them by ADCI potency identified P3 as the functionally dominant killing epitope, while sequencing across isolates explained why R0 is a durable target.

Evidence Phage display and synthetic-peptide epitope mapping with epitope-specific IgG ADCI assays; DNA sequencing of R0 across 29 field isolates and 15 lab lines with R2 length-polymorphism analysis

PMID:10930674 PMID:11087922
Open questions at the time
- Structural basis of P3 immunodominance not defined
- Why R0 is conserved (functional constraint) inferred but not demonstrated
2001 Medium
Localizing T-helper epitopes to R0 and correlating cytophilic IgG with clinical protection linked the domain architecture to a plausible protective immune response and rationalized R0-based immunogen design.

Evidence T-cell proliferation assays and mouse immunization with R0/R2 long synthetic peptides, parasite recognition by IFA/immunoblot, and longitudinal cohort antibody analysis

PMID:11500389
Open questions at the time
- Correlation with protection is not proof of causal protection
- Cohort associations not mechanistically tied to ADCI
2006 Medium
A phase 1 trial of a GLURP long synthetic peptide tested whether vaccine-induced antibodies reproduce naturally acquired effector function, confirming induction of cytophilic IgG1 capable of monocyte-dependent ADCI.

Evidence Phase 1 clinical trial with ELISA, IFA, and in vitro ADCI using post-vaccination plasma

PMID:15003647 PMID:16914240
Open questions at the time
- In vitro ADCI does not establish in vivo clinical efficacy
- Durability of the response not addressed
2017 Medium
Demonstrating GLURP on the intact merozoite surface and its capacity to trigger opsonic phagocytosis broadened its known effector repertoire beyond ADCI.

Evidence Flow cytometry-based IFA on intact merozoites and opsonic phagocytosis assay with affinity-purified GLURP-specific IgG in a Ghanaian child cohort

PMID:28329101
Open questions at the time
- How a glutamate-rich exoantigen is retained on the merozoite surface not defined
- Relative in vivo weight of OP versus ADCI unresolved
2018 Medium
Recognizing GLURP-R0 as an intrinsically disordered, heat-stable module repurposed the domain as a practical fusion carrier for producing disulfide-rich Plasmodium antigens.

Evidence Expression of 31 antigens fused to GLURP-R0 in L. lactis with heat-based purification and folding validation

PMID:29618355
Open questions at the time
- Biophysical basis of R0 disorder not mapped to sequence in detail
- Native parasite function of the disordered R0 region still unknown
2016 Medium
Quantifying glurp amplification behavior addressed a methodological question about its use as a genotyping marker, showing it suffers the strongest template-competition bias among WHO markers.

Evidence Controlled in vitro strain-mixing experiments with quantitative PCR fragment analysis comparing msp1, msp2, and glurp

PMID:27821442
Open questions at the time
- A technical marker property, not a biological function of the protein
- Does not inform GLURP's parasite biology

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions

The intrinsic parasite function of GLURP — why a conserved R0 domain is maintained and what molecular role the protein plays in the merozoite or hepatic stage — remains unestablished in the available corpus.
No genetic knockout or functional-depletion study
No identified molecular binding partner or host receptor
No structural model beyond the R0 intrinsic-disorder characterization

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification

No controlled-vocabulary terms were assigned to this entry.

Evidence

Reading pass · 13 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus

Year	Finding	Method	Journal	Conf	PMIDs
1991	GLURP (PF3D7_1035300) encodes a 220-kDa glutamate-rich protein with two repeat regions; antibodies against GLURP stain both erythrocytic stages and hepatic (liver) stages of P. falciparum as detected by electron microscopy, indicating expression in both the preerythrocytic and erythrocytic stages of the vertebrate life cycle.	Gene cloning and nucleotide sequencing; immunoelectron microscopy of erythrocytic and hepatic parasite stages	Molecular and biochemical parasitology	Medium	1775153
1991	The carboxy-terminal 783 amino acids of GLURP (GLURP489-1271) expressed as a recombinant beta-galactosidase fusion protein in E. coli contains conserved epitopes recognized by antibodies from geographically diverse P. falciparum isolates (Tanzania F32, Papua New Guinea MAD20, Honduras HB3), demonstrating that the C-terminal region harbors conserved B-cell epitopes.	Recombinant protein expression in E. coli; antibody absorption assays with in vitro culture antigen from diverse isolates; ELISA	The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene	Medium	2035752
1995	GLURP can be divided into three immunodominant regions: a non-repetitive amino-terminal region (R0), a central repeat region (R1), and a carboxy-terminal repeat region (R2). The human antibody response is primarily directed against R2 (94% seropositivity), with R0 also strongly reactive (75%), while R1 shows only weak antibody-binding activity. When adsorbed to Al(OH)3, the near-full-length recombinant GLURP is immunogenic in mice, with the antibody response almost exclusively directed against R2.	Recombinant protein expression of R0, R1, R2 domains in E. coli; ELISA with sera from malaria-endemic adults; mouse immunization; immunoprecipitation with rabbit antisera to confirm authentic GLURP recognition	Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology	Medium	7719909
1998	Anti-GLURP IgG antibodies do not directly inhibit merozoite invasion even at high concentrations, but when allowed to cooperate with monocytes they mediate strong antibody-dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) of parasite growth in a dose-dependent manner. At least four B-cell epitopes were defined: one specific for R0, two specific for R2, and one cross-reactive between R0 and R2.	Affinity purification of anti-GLURP IgG from pooled immune Liberian adult sera using R0 or R2 recombinant proteins or synthetic peptides; direct invasion inhibition assays; ADCI assays with purified IgG fractions and monocytes	Infection and immunity	High	9423833
1998	GLURP exoantigen was detected in cord blood of neonates born to P. falciparum-infected Gambian women, indicating transplacental passage of the secreted/shed GLURP antigen from mother to fetus.	ELISA measurement of GLURP in cord blood versus peripheral blood samples from 105 Gambian mother-neonate pairs	Immunology	Medium	9616377
2000	Six major B-cell epitopes were identified within the non-repetitive R0 region of GLURP at amino acid residues 173–187 (P1), 193–207 (P3), 216–229 (P4), 264–288 (P11), 343–357 (P10), and 407–434 (S3) using phage display library screening and synthetic peptides. Of these, P3-specific affinity-purified IgG was consistently the most effective in ADCI, identifying the P3 epitope as the most immunologically important epitope in GLURP for parasite killing.	Phage display library; synthetic peptides; affinity purification of human IgG; ADCI assays comparing epitope-specific IgG fractions	Vaccine	High	10930674
2000	The R0 (non-repeat) region of GLURP is immunodominant and surprisingly well conserved across geographically diverse field isolates and laboratory lines, with conservation most pronounced in isolates from high-transmission settings, whereas the R2 repeat region shows length polymorphism. This conservation suggests R0 plays an important structural or functional role in the parasite.	DNA sequencing of the R0 region in 29 field isolates and 15 laboratory lines of diverse geographic origin; PCR length-polymorphism analysis of R2; comparative sequencing of CSP as a polymorphic control	Molecular and biochemical parasitology	Medium	11087922
2001	T-helper cell epitopes of GLURP are confined to the non-repetitive R0 region (tested by T-cell proliferation assays in a Senegalese cohort), while cytophilic IgG antibodies against both R0 and R2 regions correlate with protection against clinical malaria. Long synthetic peptides LR67 and LR68 from R0 elicit strong IgG responses in outbred mice across multiple H-2 haplotypes and induced antibodies recognizing native parasite proteins by immunofluorescence and immunoblot.	T-cell proliferation assays with long synthetic peptides (LSPs) from R0 and R2; mouse immunization with LSPs; immunofluorescence and immunoblotting of parasite proteins with mouse antisera; longitudinal cohort antibody analysis in three endemic-area populations	Infection and immunity	Medium	11500389
2004	A recombinant GLURP-MSP3 fusion protein produced in Lactococcus lactis as a secreted protein induced higher levels of both GLURP- and MSP3-specific antibodies in mice than either antigen alone or a mixture, and purified mouse anti-GLURP-MSP3 IgG antibodies inhibited P. falciparum parasite growth in vitro in a monocyte-dependent (ADCI) manner.	Recombinant fusion protein expression in L. lactis; purification by ion exchange and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography; MALDI-MS, SDS-PAGE, Western blot verification; mouse immunization; in vitro ADCI parasite growth inhibition assay	Vaccine	Medium	15003647
2006	Immunization of healthy volunteers with GLURP(85-213) long synthetic peptide (LSP) induced dose-dependent cellular and humoral immune responses, predominantly cytophilic IgG1 antibodies that recognized parasites by immunofluorescence, and plasma samples collected 30 days after the last immunization induced dose-dependent inhibition of parasite growth in vitro in the presence of monocytes (ADCI), confirming that vaccine-induced anti-GLURP antibodies can mediate monocyte-dependent parasite killing.	Phase 1 clinical trial; ELISA; immunofluorescence assay (IFA); in vitro ADCI parasite growth inhibition assay with post-vaccination plasma	Vaccine	Medium	16914240
2017	GLURP is expressed on the surface of intact merozoites; GLURP-specific affinity-purified IgG from hyperimmune Liberian adults recognized merozoites by flow cytometry-based immunofluorescence and mediated opsonic phagocytosis (OP) activity, identifying OP as a functional mechanism by which GLURP-specific antibodies contribute to parasite killing.	Flow cytometry-based immunofluorescence assay on intact merozoites; opsonic phagocytosis (OP) assay; affinity purification of GLURP-specific IgG; longitudinal cohort in Ghanaian children	The Journal of infectious diseases	Medium	28329101
2018	The intrinsically disordered protein domain GLURP-R0 can be used as a fusion partner to enable production and purification of otherwise difficult-to-produce disulfide-rich recombinant Plasmodium falciparum proteins in Lactococcus lactis; fusion to GLURP-R0 exploits the heat-stable biophysical properties of its intrinsically disordered region to allow a simple heat-based purification strategy yielding 1–40 mg/L of correctly folded disulfide-rich partner domains.	Recombinant protein expression of 31 P. falciparum antigens in L. lactis; heat-based purification; SDS-PAGE; functional validation of correctly folded protein conformers	Microbial cell factories	Medium	29618355
2016	Among the three WHO-recommended genotyping markers (msp1, msp2, glurp), glurp exhibits the strongest template competition (amplification bias favoring shorter fragments) in multiclonal infections, severely compromising detection of co-infecting glurp fragments; this is a technical limitation specific to glurp as a length-polymorphic marker.	In vitro mixing experiments with defined P. falciparum strain mixtures; quantitative PCR fragment analysis; comparison of minority-clone detectability across msp1, msp2, and glurp markers	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	Medium	27821442

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations

Year	Title	Journal	Citations	PMID
1999	Biased distribution of msp1 and msp2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand.	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	461	10674079
2010	The relationship between anti-merozoite antibodies and incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	PLoS medicine	271	20098724
1997	Daily dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum subpopulations in asymptomatic children in a holoendemic area.	The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene	191	9180605
2009	Failure of artesunate-mefloquine combination therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in southern Cambodia.	Malaria journal	173	19138388
1995	Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum isolates by the polymerase chain reaction and potential uses in epidemiological studies.	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	141	7704931
2007	Humoral responses to Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigens and association with incidence of clinical malaria in children living in an area of seasonal malaria transmission in Burkina Faso, West Africa.	Infection and immunity	133	18070896
2000	Cytophilic immunoglobulin responses to Plasmodium falciparum glutamate-rich protein are correlated with protection against clinical malaria in Dielmo, Senegal.	Infection and immunity	132	10768952
1991	Primary structure and localization of a conserved immunogenic Plasmodium falciparum glutamate rich protein (GLURP) expressed in both the preerythrocytic and erythrocytic stages of the vertebrate life cycle.	Molecular and biochemical parasitology	128	1775153
2004	Association between protection against clinical malaria and antibodies to merozoite surface antigens in an area of hyperendemicity in Myanmar: complementarity between responses to merozoite surface protein 3 and the 220-kilodalton glutamate-rich protein.	Infection and immunity	127	14688102
2008	Cohort study of the association of antibody levels to AMA1, MSP119, MSP3 and GLURP with protection from clinical malaria in Ghanaian children.	Malaria journal	116	18664257
1998	The glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) of Plasmodium falciparum is a target for antibody-dependent monocyte-mediated inhibition of parasite growth in vitro.	Infection and immunity	113	9423833
2011	Plasmodium falciparum msp1, msp2 and glurp allele frequency and diversity in sub-Saharan Africa.	Malaria journal	112	21470428
1995	Antigenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant glutamate-rich protein of Plasmodium falciparum expressed in Escherichia coli.	Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology	108	7719909
2000	Naturally acquired antibodies to the glutamate-rich protein are associated with protection against Plasmodium falciparum malaria.	The Journal of infectious diseases	99	10720556
1997	Molecular analysis of recrudescent parasites in a Plasmodium falciparum drug efficacy trial in Gabon.	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	99	9509189
2018	Extensive diversity in the allelic frequency of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins and glutamate-rich protein in rural and urban settings of southwestern Nigeria.	Malaria journal	93	29291736
2015	Recent advances in recombinant protein-based malaria vaccines.	Vaccine	92	26458807
2009	Safety and immunogenicity of GMZ2 - a MSP3-GLURP fusion protein malaria vaccine candidate.	Vaccine	85	19755144
2016	A phase 2b randomized, controlled trial of the efficacy of the GMZ2 malaria vaccine in African children.	Vaccine	84	27477844
2014	A multi-stage malaria vaccine candidate targeting both transmission and asexual parasite life-cycle stages.	Vaccine	81	24662702
2004	A Plasmodium falciparum GLURP-MSP3 chimeric protein; expression in Lactococcus lactis, immunogenicity and induction of biologically active antibodies.	Vaccine	78	15003647
1998	Seasonal changes in the Plasmodium falciparum population in individuals and their relationship to clinical malaria: a longitudinal study in a Sudanese village.	Parasitology	71	9651932
2004	Molecular analysis of Plasmodium falciparum recrudescent malaria infections in children treated with chloroquine in Nigeria.	The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene	69	14971693
2011	Naturally acquired immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage antigens Pfs48/45 and Pfs230 in an area of seasonal transmission.	Infection and immunity	68	21969000
2006	Glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) induces antibodies that inhibit in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum in a phase 1 malaria vaccine trial.	Vaccine	68	16914240
1999	Limited genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in field isolates from Honduras.	The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene	61	9988318
2013	Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in mild and severe malaria of children from Kampala, Uganda.	Parasitology research	58	23408340
2013	The malaria vaccine candidate GMZ2 elicits functional antibodies in individuals from malaria endemic and non-endemic areas.	The Journal of infectious diseases	58	23624363
2011	A randomized controlled phase Ib trial of the malaria vaccine candidate GMZ2 in African children.	PloS one	58	21829466
2004	Natural antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum Exp-1, MSP-3 and GLURP long synthetic peptides and association with protection.	Parasite immunology	58	15541030
1999	Plasmodium falciparum parasites in French Guiana: limited genetic diversity and high selfing rate.	The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene	58	10674682
2012	Sero-epidemiological evaluation of changes in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax transmission patterns over the rainy season in Cambodia.	Malaria journal	57	22443375
2016	Critical Evaluation of Molecular Monitoring in Malaria Drug Efficacy Trials and Pitfalls of Length-Polymorphic Markers.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	55	27821442
2016	Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum Populations in Malaria Declining Areas of Sabah, East Malaysia.	PloS one	54	27023787
2015	A Plasmodium falciparum 48/45 single epitope R0.6C subunit protein elicits high levels of transmission blocking antibodies.	Vaccine	54	25728318
2015	Hotspots of Malaria Transmission in the Peruvian Amazon: Rapid Assessment through a Parasitological and Serological Survey.	PloS one	54	26356311
2002	Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum clones infecting children living in a holoendemic area in north-eastern Tanzania.	Acta tropica	53	12429425
2000	Identification of a major B-cell epitope of the Plasmodium falciparum glutamate-rich protein (GLURP), targeted by human antibodies mediating parasite killing.	Vaccine	49	10930674
2019	Molecular surveillance of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes deletion in Plasmodium falciparum isolates and the implications for rapid diagnostic tests in Nigeria.	Acta tropica	48	31103699
2003	Point mutations in the pfcrt and pfmdr-1 genes of Plasmodium falciparum and clinical response to chloroquine, among malaria patients from Nigeria.	Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology	48	12930607
2016	Serological markers to measure recent changes in malaria at population level in Cambodia.	Malaria journal	46	27809852
2010	Engaging diverse communities participating in clinical trials: case examples from across Africa.	Malaria journal	45	20346126
2001	Plasmodium falciparum in Kenya: high prevalence of drug-resistance-associated polymorphisms in hospital admissions with severe malaria in an epidemic area.	Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology	44	11784419
1998	Inflammatory reactions in placental blood of Plasmodium falciparum-infected women and high concentrations of soluble E-selectin and a circulating P. falciparum protein in the cord sera.	Immunology	41	9616377
2013	Evaluation of parasite subpopulations and genetic diversity of the msp1, msp2 and glurp genes during and following artesunate monotherapy treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Western Cambodia.	Malaria journal	40	24206588
2011	Schistosoma haematobium infection affects Plasmodium falciparum-specific IgG responses associated with protection against malaria.	Parasite immunology	40	21226725
2004	Immunization of Saimiri sciureus monkeys with Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-3 and glutamate-rich protein suggests that protection is related to antibody levels.	Scandinavian journal of immunology	40	15049780
2001	Selection of glutamate-rich protein long synthetic peptides for vaccine development: antigenicity and relationship with clinical protection and immunogenicity.	Infection and immunity	40	11500389
1993	Immunoglobulin M and G antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum glutamate-rich protein: correlation with clinical immunity in Gambian children.	Infection and immunity	39	8418032
2021	Evidence that seasonal malaria chemoprevention with SPAQ influences blood and pre-erythrocytic stage antibody responses of Plasmodium falciparum infections in Niger.	Malaria journal	38	33386070
2020	Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum and genetic profile in children affected by uncomplicated malaria in Cameroon.	Malaria journal	37	32188442
2013	Assessing malaria transmission in a low endemicity area of north-western Peru.	Malaria journal	37	24053144
2005	Immunization of Saimiri sciureus monkeys with a recombinant hybrid protein derived from the Plasmodium falciparum antigen glutamate-rich protein and merozoite surface protein 3 can induce partial protection with Freund and Montanide ISA720 adjuvants.	Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology	37	15699417
2005	Distribution of Plasmodium falciparum genotypes in clinically mild and severe malaria cases in Orissa, India.	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	37	15780346
1992	Antibodies to a recombinant glutamate-rich Plasmodium falciparum protein: evidence for protection of individuals living in a holoendemic area of Liberia.	The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene	37	1558270
2017	Naturally Acquired Antibodies Target the Glutamate-Rich Protein on Intact Merozoites and Predict Protection Against Febrile Malaria.	The Journal of infectious diseases	36	28329101
2017	Genetic diversity and antibody responses against Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate genes from Chhattisgarh, Central India: Implication for vaccine development.	PloS one	36	28787005
2015	A survey of malaria and some arboviral infections among suspected febrile patients visiting a health centre in Simawa, Ogun State, Nigeria.	Journal of infection and public health	36	26256113
2005	Cytophilic antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum glutamate rich protein are associated with malaria protection in an area of holoendemic transmission.	Malaria journal	36	16194274
2011	Antibody levels to multiple malaria vaccine candidate antigens in relation to clinical malaria episodes in children in the Kasena-Nankana district of Northern Ghana.	Malaria journal	35	21529376
2011	Antibodies against PfEMP1, RIFIN, MSP3 and GLURP are acquired during controlled Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections in naïve volunteers.	PloS one	35	22174947
2006	Molecular genotyping to distinguish between recrudescents and new infections in treatment trials of Plasmodium falciparum malaria conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa: adjustment of parasitological outcomes and assessment of genotyping effectiveness.	Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH	35	16930256
2018	Lactococcus lactis provides an efficient platform for production of disulfide-rich recombinant proteins from Plasmodium falciparum.	Microbial cell factories	34	29618355
2018	Genetic diversity of the msp-1, msp-2, and glurp genes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Northwest Ethiopia.	Malaria journal	34	30359280
2016	Antibody levels against GLURP R2, MSP1 block 2 hybrid and AS202.11 and the risk of malaria in children living in hyperendemic (Burkina Faso) and hypo-endemic (Ghana) areas.	Malaria journal	34	26921176
2018	Kinetics of antibody responses to PfRH5-complex antigens in Ghanaian children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria.	PloS one	33	29883485
2017	Associations between an IgG3 polymorphism in the binding domain for FcRn, transplacental transfer of malaria-specific IgG3, and protection against Plasmodium falciparum malaria during infancy: A birth cohort study in Benin.	PLoS medicine	33	28991911
2014	Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children aged 0-2 years: the role of foetal haemoglobin and maternal antibodies to two asexual malaria vaccine candidates (MSP3 and GLURP).	PloS one	33	25238160
2000	Conservation and heterogeneity of the glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) among field isolates and laboratory lines of Plasmodium falciparum.	Molecular and biochemical parasitology	33	11087922
2017	The GMZ2 malaria vaccine: from concept to efficacy in humans.	Expert review of vaccines	32	28699823
2020	Antibody responses to a suite of novel serological markers for malaria surveillance demonstrate strong correlation with clinical and parasitological infection across seasons and transmission settings in The Gambia.	BMC medicine	31	32972398
2019	Breadth of Functional Antibodies Is Associated With Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Phagocytosis and Protection Against Febrile Malaria.	The Journal of infectious diseases	30	30820557
2017	Natural antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum MSP3 and GLURP(R0) antigens are associated with low parasite densities in malaria patients living in the Central Region of Ghana.	Parasites & vectors	29	28835262
2012	Flow cytometric readout based on Mitotracker Red CMXRos staining of live asexual blood stage malarial parasites reliably assesses antibody dependent cellular inhibition.	Malaria journal	29	22818754
1991	Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum glutamate rich protein; purification and use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene	29	2035752
2019	Improving Methods for Analyzing Antimalarial Drug Efficacy Trials: Molecular Correction Based on Length-Polymorphic Markers msp-1, msp-2, and glurp.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	28	31307982
2015	Analysis of antibody profiles in symptomatic malaria in three sentinel sites of Ivory Coast by using multiplex, fluorescent, magnetic, bead-based serological assay (MAGPIX™).	Malaria journal	28	26692284
2012	Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from south western Nigeria.	African health sciences	28	23382752
2008	Do antibody responses to malaria vaccine candidates influenced by the level of malaria transmission protect from malaria?	Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH	28	18304269
2017	Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations in southeast and western Myanmar.	Parasites & vectors	27	28676097
2024	Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection based on msp-1, msp-2, glurp and microsatellite genetic markers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	Malaria journal	20	38589874
2024	A randomized first-in-human phase I trial of differentially adjuvanted Pfs48/45 malaria vaccines in Burkinabé adults.	The Journal of clinical investigation	19	38290009
2025	Artemether-Lumefantrine Treatment Selects Plasmodium falciparum Multidrug Resistance 1 (pfmdr1) Increased Copy Number Among African Malaria Infections.	The Journal of infectious diseases	15	40138574
2025	Assessment of different genotyping markers and algorithms for distinguishing Plasmodium falciparum recrudescence from reinfection in Uganda.	Scientific reports	5	39910229
2025	VAR2CSA-reactive IgG in Brazilian women exposed to Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax infection during pregnancy.	Infection and immunity	2	41170961
2025	Antibody correlates of risk of clinical malaria in an area of low and unstable malaria transmission in western Kenya.	Malaria journal	1	40033373
2025	Allelic frequency of msp2 and glurp genes in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Awka, Anambra, Nigeria.	MalariaWorld journal	1	40066288
2025	Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in people living with HIV in Ogbomoso, Nigeria: Implications for malaria transmission and treatment.	MalariaWorld journal	1	40236626
2025	A Multiplex Serological Assay to Evaluate the Antibody Responses to a Set of Plasmodium falciparum Antigens and Their Protective Role Against Malaria in Children Aged 1.5 to 12 Years Living in a Highly Seasonal Malaria Transmission Area of Burkina Faso.	Vaccines	1	41295464
2025	Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum infections among people living with HIV under antiretroviral and co-trimoxazole chemoprophylaxis in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.	BMC infectious diseases	1	41444531
2026	Therapeutic efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and artesunate-pyronaridine combinations in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ghana, 2023.	Frontiers in public health	0	41573781
2026	Kinetics of antimalarial antibodies in children with common haemoglobinopathies in a Tanzanian population.	Frontiers in immunology	0	41789094
2026	Cellular Immune Response and T Cell Epitope Mapping of Plasmodium falciparum Chimeric Vaccine Candidate GMZ2.6c and Its Components (MSP-3, GLURP and Pfs48/45) in Individuals Naturally Exposed to Malaria in Brazilian Amazon.	Vaccines	0	42188795
2026	Comparison of techniques and markers to distinguish Plasmodium falciparum recrudescence from new infection in Rwanda.	Scientific reports	0	42270857
2025	The impact of intermittent preventive treatment in school aged children with dihydroartemisinin piperaquine and artesunate amodiaquine on IgG response against six blood stage Plasmodium falciparum antigens.	PloS one	0	39883707
2025	Wider antibody breadth against multiple Plasmodium falciparum antigens is associated with reduced risk of malaria in a transmission hotspot in southern Ghana.	International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases	0	39889952
2025	Protocol for genomic surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum antigens using amplicon-based PacBio long-read sequencing.	STAR protocols	0	40956667
2025	Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in Korhogo Health District, Northern Côte d'Ivoire.	Tropical medicine and infectious disease	0	41003565
2025	Molecular Characterization of Plasmodium Species to Strengthen Malaria Surveillance in Migrant Populations in Honduras.	Tropical medicine and infectious disease	0	41150369
2025	Genetic diversity, population structure, and drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Kenya: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	Malaria journal	0	41291694