Affinage · Plasmodium

ENO

PF3D7_1015900 · enolase

Annotated
2026-09-08
42 papers in source corpus 20 papers cited in narrative 20 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PF3D7_1015900 (ENO) encodes a 446-residue glycolytic enzyme that functions as a homodimeric 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase, with all catalytic and substrate/cofactor-binding residues conserved and a plant-like five-residue insertion unique to plasmodial and plant enolases (PMID:8125109, PMID:15606772). Recombinant ENO is an active ~100 kDa homodimer with defined kinetic parameters, K+-activation, Na+-inhibition, and Mg2+-dependence (PMID:15606772). Its catalytic and structural integrity depend on a parasite-specific pentapeptide insert (104EWGWS108): deletion collapses the dimer into monomers and reduces kcat/Km ~100-fold (PMID:19268421), W105/W107 form inter-subunit π-cation bonds that stabilize the dimer interface (PMID:28680804), and S108 hydrogen-bonds Leu49 to hold the enzyme in an active closed conformation permissive for Mg2+ binding (PMID:25787157). Beyond catalysis, ENO is a moonlighting protein that distributes across cytosol, nucleus, food vacuole, cytoskeleton, and plasma/surface membranes in a manner governed by post-translational modification, and this partitioning shifts from predominantly soluble in asexual stages to particulate in sexual stages (PMID:19642995, PMID:17437631). On the merozoite and ookinete surface, ENO captures host plasminogen through its DKSLVK lysine motif, and the resulting plasmin proteolytic activity is functionally required for mosquito midgut invasion in P. berghei and P. falciparum (PMID:17785475, PMID:21949403); the 104EWGWS108 insert additionally serves as the binding site for PWWP-motif ligands implicated in midgut/peritrophic-matrix engagement (PMID:26592350). The dimeric form is required for food vacuole integrity, as shown by yeast complementation in which an active monomeric mutant rescues growth but not vacuolar fragmentation (PMID:21600245). ENO carries site-specific PTMs including phosphorylation (S42, Y148, T337), acetylation (K142, K384), and atypical K6-linked trimeric ubiquitination at K147 that tracks with hemozoin in the food vacuole (PMID:24009698). It also associates indirectly with the mRNA 5'-cap complex, indicating a non-glycolytic role (PMID:34890716), and physically interacts with the stress-response protease PfDegP and PfHsp70 (PMID:24494818).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 1994 Medium

    Establishing that ENO encodes a conserved glycolytic enolase defined the gene's baseline identity and revealed a plant-like insertion distinguishing it from host enzymes.

    Evidence cDNA sequencing, inverse-PCR and gene mapping of the P. falciparum ENO gene

    PMID:8125109

    Open questions at the time
    • No enzyme activity measured in this study
    • Functional role of the plant-like insert not tested
  2. 2004 High

    In vitro reconstitution confirmed ENO is an active homodimeric enolase and provided its full kinetic and ionic-regulation profile.

    Evidence Recombinant expression, gel filtration and enzyme kinetics

    PMID:15606772

    Open questions at the time
    • No structural model of the dimer interface
    • Non-glycolytic functions not addressed
  3. 2007 Medium

    Surface and multi-compartment localization plus PTM isoform diversity established ENO as a moonlighting protein whose distribution is PTM-controlled, and identified it as a vaccine/growth-inhibition target.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence, immunogold EM, subcellular fractionation with 2D gels and phosphoproteome enrichment, growth-inhibition and mouse immunization assays (P. falciparum and P. yoelii)

    PMID:17437631 PMID:17785475

    Open questions at the time
    • PTM identities and their causal link to targeting not resolved
    • Mechanism of surface trafficking of a cytosolic enzyme unknown
  4. 2007 High

    Demonstrating parasite-specific dimer-interface instability distinguished ENO's oligomeric behavior from host enolases and set up the insert as the structural determinant.

    Evidence Imidazole/proton-induced dissociation and comparative biochemistry versus yeast and rabbit muscle enolase

    PMID:17371507

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological trigger for monomerization in vivo unknown
    • Which residues confer the parasite-specific instability not yet mapped
  5. 2009 High

    Deletion of the 104EWGWS108 insert linked one motif to catalysis, dimer assembly, and the protective antibody epitope, unifying structural and immunological roles.

    Evidence Site-directed deletion mutagenesis with kinetics, gel filtration and serum reactivity

    PMID:19268421

    Open questions at the time
    • Individual residue contributions not dissected in this study
    • In vivo consequence of insert loss not tested
  6. 2009 Medium

    Life-cycle-resolved fractionation showed ENO shifts from soluble (asexual) to particulate (sexual) distribution, tying its localization to developmental stage.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence, immunogold EM and Western blotting of subcellular fractions

    PMID:19642995

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular signal driving the stage-dependent redistribution unknown
    • Functional consequence of particulate partitioning not established
  7. 2011 High

    Yeast complementation dissociated ENO's catalytic function from its structural role, showing the dimer specifically supports food-vacuole integrity.

    Evidence Enolase-deficient yeast complementation with wild-type versus active monomeric Δ5Pfeno mutant, food-vacuole immunoblotting

    PMID:21600245

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of the dimer's vacuolar role unknown
    • Whether the effect operates through a partner protein untested
  8. 2011 High

    Reciprocal plasminogen depletion/rescue with active versus inactive plasminogen established a causal, protease-dependent mechanism by which surface ENO enables ookinete midgut invasion.

    Evidence Anti-enolase inhibition, plasminogen depletion/rescue and invasion assays in P. berghei and P. falciparum ookinetes

    PMID:21949403

    Open questions at the time
    • How a cytosolic enzyme reaches the ookinete surface unknown
    • Direct proteolytic substrates of the captured plasmin not identified
  9. 2011 Medium

    Identification of a mosquito enolase-binding protein (EBP) and PWWP-binding activity placed surface ENO within a defined midgut receptor pathway.

    Evidence Phage display receptor identification, SM1-sensitivity epistasis and overlay/immunofluorescence binding assays (P. berghei)

    PMID:21816124 PMID:24474798

    Open questions at the time
    • EBP interaction not validated by functional rescue in [#9]
    • Native PWWP ligand not confirmed in vivo
  10. 2013 High

    Mass-spectrometric mapping of site-specific PTMs and identification of a DegP/Hsp70 complex gave molecular substance to ENO's compartment-specific moonlighting forms.

    Evidence Immunoprecipitation, MS/MS PTM mapping across subcellular fractions (P. falciparum, P. yoelii), plus Co-IP, SPR and co-localization with PfDegP/PfHsp70

    PMID:24009698 PMID:24494818

    Open questions at the time
    • Enzymes writing/reading each PTM not identified
    • Functional consequence of K6-linked tri-ubiquitination and DegP association not established
  11. 2015 Medium

    Residue-level mutagenesis of S108 and the 104EWGWS108 insert defined the structural chemistry linking the insert to a catalytically active closed conformation and to PWWP-ligand recognition.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis with kinetics and conformational analysis (S108), plus deletion binding assay, NMR chemical-shift perturbation and docking for PWWP recognition; phosphorylation changes during P. berghei gametogenesis

    PMID:25787157 PMID:26008612 PMID:26592350

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of the closed/open conformational switch untested
    • PWWP ligand binding lacks in vivo functional rescue [#14]
  12. 2016 Medium

    Direct binding of biliverdin as a non-competitive inhibitor identified ENO as a druggable metabolic target.

    Evidence Isothermal titration calorimetry, inhibition kinetics and molecular modelling

    PMID:26915471

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding site not confirmed by mutagenesis
    • Inhibitory relevance in intact parasites not shown
  13. 2017 High

    Mutagenesis of W105/W107 resolved the mechanism by which the insert stabilizes the dimer interface through π-cation bonds essential for catalysis.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis, kinetics, gel filtration and interface docking energetics

    PMID:28680804

    Open questions at the time
    • No experimental crystal structure of the interface
    • Whether monomerization is physiologically regulated remains open
  14. 2021 Medium

    Enrichment on a 5'-cap matrix with a negative recombinant-binding control established that ENO associates indirectly with the translation cap complex, extending its moonlighting repertoire.

    Evidence 5'-cap affinity pulldown with proteomics plus recombinant cap-binding assay (negative)

    PMID:34890716

    Open questions at the time
    • Bridging partner linking ENO to the cap complex unidentified
    • Functional role in translation not demonstrated

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The trafficking mechanism that exports cytosolic ENO to the parasite surface and the causal, in vivo consequences of its PTMs and non-glycolytic associations remain unresolved.
  • No mechanism explains surface/nuclear export of a signal-peptide-lacking glycolytic enzyme
  • PTM-writing enzymes and reader proteins unidentified
  • Functional significance of the 5'-cap and DegP/Hsp70 associations untested in vivo

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification
Partners
BILIVERDIN (NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR) [#15]HOST PLASMINOGEN (VIA DKSLVK LYSINE MOTIF / KRINGLE DOMAINS) [#7]MOSQUITO ENOLASE-BINDING PROTEIN (EBP) [#8]PFDEGP SERINE PROTEASE [#10]PFHSP70 [#10]PWWP-MOTIF LIGANDS / PERITROPHIC-MATRIX PROTEINS (PERLECAN, LAMININ, PERITROPHIN) [#9, #14]
Complex memberships
ENO homodimer [#1, #4, #6, #16]ENO–PfDegP–PfHsp70 stress-response complex [#10]Indirect association with the mRNA 5'-cap/eIF4E complex [#18]

Evidence

Reading pass · 20 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1994 The ENO gene of P. falciparum was molecularly characterized: it encodes a 446-amino-acid protein (48.7 kDa) mapping to chromosome 10, with all residues implicated in substrate/cofactor binding and catalysis conserved. A plant-like 5-amino-acid insertion unique to plasmodial and plant enolases was identified in the sequence, pointing to photosynthetic ancestry. cDNA sequencing, inverse-PCR, gene mapping European journal of biochemistry Medium 8125109
2004 Recombinant P. falciparum ENO was expressed and purified in active form; kinetic characterization showed it is a homodimer (~100 kDa by gel filtration), with specific activity ~30 U/mg, Km(2-PGA) = 0.041 mM, Km(PEP) = 0.25 mM, optimal pH 7.4–7.6, inhibited by Na+, activated by K+, and with apparent Mg2+ activation constant of 0.18 mM (inhibitory at higher concentrations). Recombinant protein expression, gel filtration, enzyme kinetics, in vitro assay European journal of biochemistry High 15606772
2007 P. falciparum ENO localizes to the merozoite cell surface, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Anti-recombinant ENO antibodies inhibited in vitro parasite growth, and immunization with recombinant ENO conferred partial protection against P. yoelii 17XL challenge in mice. Immunofluorescence assay, immunogold electron microscopy, in vitro growth inhibition assay, mouse immunization/challenge Infection and immunity Medium 17785475
2007 In P. yoelii, ENO is present not only in cytosol but also in membrane, nuclear, and cytoskeletal fractions. At least five post-translationally modified isoforms were identified, of which at least three arise from phosphorylation. Different subcellular fractions showed distinct isoform profiles, suggesting PTMs govern subcellular targeting. Subcellular fractionation, 1D and 2D gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, Fe3+-based metal affinity chromatography (phosphoproteome isolation) Malaria journal Medium 17437631
2007 Dimeric P. falciparum ENO can be dissociated into active, isolatable monomers by ~250 mM imidazole or hydrogen ions. Monomeric ENO differs from the dimer in specific activity, salt sensitivity, and thermal stability. Mg2+ protects yeast and rabbit muscle enolase but NOT P. falciparum ENO from imidazole-induced dissociation, revealing a parasite-specific difference in dimer interface stability. Gel filtration (Superdex-75), enzyme kinetics, in vitro dissociation assay, comparative biochemistry across species The FEBS journal High 17371507
2009 In P. falciparum asexual stages, ENO is predominantly (≥85–90%) in the soluble (cytosolic) fraction, but in sexual stages it is mostly in the particulate fraction. ENO was additionally localized to the nucleus, food vacuole, cytoskeleton, and plasma membrane across life-cycle stages. Immunofluorescence assay, immunogold electron microscopy, Western blotting of subcellular fractions Malaria journal Medium 19642995
2009 Deletion of the plant-like pentapeptide insert (104EWGWS108) from P. falciparum ENO resulted in ~100-fold decrease in kcat/Km, dissociation of the dimer into monomers, and near-abrogation of the protective antibody epitope recognized by serum from ENO-vaccinated mice. Site-directed deletion mutagenesis, enzyme kinetics, gel filtration, immunological assay (serum reactivity) Archives of biochemistry and biophysics High 19268421
2011 ENO lines the ookinete surface in both P. berghei and P. falciparum. Surface ENO captures plasminogen from the mammalian blood meal via its lysine motif (DKSLVK) interacting with Kringle domains of plasminogen. This interaction is functionally required for mosquito midgut invasion: plasminogen depletion strongly inhibited oocyst formation, and rescue required enzymatically active (but not inactive) plasminogen, indicating that plasmin proteolytic activity facilitates invasion. Anti-enolase antibody inhibition assay, plasminogen depletion/rescue experiment, immunofluorescence, functional invasion assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 21949403
2011 A mosquito midgut receptor termed 'enolase-binding protein' (EBP) was identified that binds ookinete surface ENO (P. berghei). SM1-sensitive parasite clones required EBP for midgut invasion, placing surface ENO in the pathway of EBP-dependent midgut invasion. Phage display receptor identification, genetic epistasis (SM1-sensitive vs SM1-resistant clones), functional invasion assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 24474798
2011 ENO and actin were identified on the surface of live P. berghei ookinetes; phage display identified a conserved PWWP motif in peptides binding to ookinete surface ENO and actin, suggesting these surface proteins can engage PWWP-containing ligands. Phage display, overlay binding assay, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy Parasitology Low 21816124
2013 P. falciparum ENO physically interacts with PfDegP (a serine protease) and PfHsp70 as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance; ENO and PfDegP co-localize by fluorescence microscopy, indicating ENO is a component of a stress-response protein complex. Co-immunoprecipitation (anti-bait), surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence co-localization The FEBS journal Medium 24494818
2013 Food vacuole (FV)-associated P. falciparum ENO exists in three molecular weight forms (~50, 65, and 75 kDa). Mass spectrometry established post-translational modifications on FV-associated ENO: ubiquitination at K147 (with atypical trimeric ubiquitin linked via K6 of Ub2), phosphorylation at Y148, and acetylation at K142 and K384. The tri-ubiquitinated form associates predominantly with hemozoin. Cytosolic ENO is phosphorylated at S42; cytoskeletal ENO from P. yoelii at T337. Immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, mass spectrometry (MS/MS), subcellular fractionation PloS one High 24009698
2011 P. falciparum ENO complements enolase-deficient yeast (Tetr-eno2), rescuing growth retardation, vacuolar fragmentation, and altered vacuolar protein expression. An enzymatically active monomeric mutant (Δ5Pfeno) fully restored cell growth but only partially rescued vacuolar fragmentation, indicating that the dimeric structure of ENO is required for optimal vacuolar function. Yeast complementation assay, immunoblotting of purified food vacuoles, mutant analysis Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 21600245
2015 Replacement of Ser108 (within the 104EWGWS108 insert) with Gly or Ala disrupted predicted H-bonds with Leu49, shifted ENO from an active closed conformation to an open conformation, and markedly reduced Mg2+ binding affinity, demonstrating that Ser108 stabilizes the apo-ENO in an active closed conformation required for catalysis. Site-directed mutagenesis, enzyme kinetics, conformational analysis, structural modeling The FEBS journal High 25787157
2015 The pentapeptide insert 104EWGWS108 of P. falciparum ENO constitutes the binding site for PWWP-motif-containing peptides from ookinete surface phage display. Deletion of the insert (Δ-rPfeno) abolished PWWP peptide binding; NMR chemical shift perturbation and intermolecular docking confirmed the insert as the recognition motif. Homologous PWWP-domain proteins (perlecan, laminin, peritrophin) in the mosquito peritrophic matrix are proposed as natural ligands. Binding assay (recombinant protein vs deletion mutant), NMR chemical shift perturbation, intermolecular docking Insect biochemistry and molecular biology Medium 26592350
2016 Biliverdin (BV) binds directly to recombinant P. falciparum ENO at a single site (isothermal titration calorimetry) and acts as a non-competitive inhibitor of ENO activity, implicating ENO as a molecular target for BV-mediated inhibition of parasite glycolysis. Isothermal titration calorimetry, enzyme kinetics (inhibition assay), molecular modelling Scientific reports Medium 26915471
2017 Mutation of the two tryptophan residues (W105 and W107) in the 104EWGWS108 insert to alanines or lysines caused near-complete loss of ENO catalytic activity and dissociation of the dimer into monomers. Molecular modeling indicated W105 forms π-cation bonds with R340 and Y46, and that loss of these interactions disrupts the inter-subunit interface (reducing docking energy ~4 kcal/mol), causing dimer dissociation and active-site disruption. Site-directed mutagenesis, enzyme kinetics, gel filtration, molecular modeling FEBS open bio High 28680804
2008 2D-DIGE proteomic analysis of P. falciparum schizont-stage parasites identified ENO as one of several proteins represented by multiple isoforms in different spot positions, with distinct temporal abundance profiles, consistent with post-translational modifications producing functionally distinct forms during intra-erythrocytic development. 2D-DIGE, mass spectrometry identification Genome biology Low 19091060
2021 Enrichment of P. falciparum native proteins using a 5' cap affinity matrix identified ENO as the second most enriched protein after eIF4E. However, recombinant ENO did not demonstrate direct 5' cap-binding activity, indicating ENO associates indirectly with the 5' cap complex in asexual-stage parasites. 5'-cap affinity pulldown, proteomic analysis, recombinant protein cap-binding assay (negative result for direct binding) Molecular and biochemical parasitology Medium 34890716
2015 During P. berghei gametogenesis, ENO undergoes phosphorylation changes detected by 2D electrophoresis and phospho-specific Western blotting; TiO2 phosphopeptide enrichment and tandem MS identified specific phosphorylation sites in ENO during this differentiation process. 2D electrophoresis, phospho-specific immunoblotting, TiO2 phosphopeptide enrichment, tandem mass spectrometry Experimental parasitology Medium 26008612

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 42 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2012 Fighting malaria with engineered symbiotic bacteria from vector mosquitoes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 220 22802646
2008 Quantitative protein expression profiling reveals extensive post-transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications in schizont-stage malaria parasites. Genome biology 99 19091060
1988 The enzymes of the glycolytic pathway in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. Blood 98 3058230
1990 Plasmodium falciparum carbohydrate metabolism: a connection between host cell and parasite. Blood cells 95 2257322
2011 Plasmodium ookinetes coopt mammalian plasminogen to invade the mosquito midgut. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 21949403
1999 The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii expresses two functional plant-like glycolytic enzymes. Implications for evolutionary origin of apicomplexans. The Journal of biological chemistry 86 10455162
2007 Protective properties and surface localization of Plasmodium falciparum enolase. Infection and immunity 63 17785475
2011 Surface-expressed enolases of Plasmodium and other pathogens. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 59 21881761
2001 Lateral transfer at the gene and subgenic levels in the evolution of eukaryotic enolase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 59 11526220
2009 Plasmodium falciparum enolase: stage-specific expression and sub-cellular localization. Malaria journal 58 19642995
2014 Multiple pathways for Plasmodium ookinete invasion of the mosquito midgut. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 57 24474798
1994 Molecular characterisation of the enolase gene from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Evidence for ancestry within a photosynthetic lineage. European journal of biochemistry 56 8125109
2007 Sub-cellular localization and post-translational modifications of the Plasmodium yoelii enolase suggest moonlighting functions. Malaria journal 55 17437631
2004 Cloning, over-expression, purification and characterization of Plasmodium falciparum enolase. European journal of biochemistry 44 15606772
2003 The treatment of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes with chloroquine leads to accumulation of ferriprotoporphyrin IX bound to particular parasite proteins and to the inhibition of the parasite's 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Parasite (Paris, France) 37 12669348
2005 Roles of 1-Cys peroxiredoxin in haem detoxification in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The FEBS journal 28 15794764
2015 Oxidative stress-mediated antimalarial activity of plakortin, a natural endoperoxide from the tropical sponge Plakortis simplex. Free radical biology & medicine 27 26459031
2003 Expression profiles of peroxiredoxin proteins of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii. International journal for parasitology 24 14572508
2015 Immunogenicity and protective potential of a Plasmodium spp. enolase peptide displayed on archaeal gas vesicle nanoparticles. Malaria journal 18 26463341
2021 Targeting Host Glycolysis as a Strategy for Antimalarial Development. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 17 34604112
2009 Effect of deletion of a plant like pentapeptide insert on kinetic, structural and immunological properties of enolase from Plasmodium falciparum. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 17 19268421
2014 A secretory multifunctional serine protease, DegP of Plasmodium falciparum, plays an important role in thermo-oxidative stress, parasite growth and development. The FEBS journal 16 24494818
2011 Conserved peptide sequences bind to actin and enolase on the surface of Plasmodium berghei ookinetes. Parasitology 16 21816124
2018 Strain-transcending neutralization of malaria parasite by antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum enolase. Malaria journal 15 30126436
2016 Biliverdin targets enolase and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) to reduce the growth of intraerythrocytic development of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Scientific reports 15 26915471
2017 Functional Characterization and Comparison of Plasmodium falciparum Proteins as Targets of Transmission-blocking Antibodies. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 14 29089373
2007 Differential susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum versus yeast and mammalian enolases to dissociation into active monomers. The FEBS journal 14 17371507
2013 Food vacuole associated enolase in plasmodium undergoes multiple post-translational modifications: evidence for atypical ubiquitination. PloS one 12 24009698
2016 Production of Plasmodium vivax enolase in Escherichia coli and its protective properties. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 11 27487171
2011 Plasmodium falciparum enolase complements yeast enolase functions and associates with the parasite food vacuole. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 11 21600245
2015 Protein phosphorylation during Plasmodium berghei gametogenesis. Experimental parasitology 8 26008612
2000 Application of yeast enolase as antigen for immunodiagnosis of malaria. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 8 11414465
2014 Partial characterization of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite proteome under treatment with quinine, mefloquine and the natural antiplasmodial diosgenone. Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud 7 24967929
2015 Replacement of Ser108 in Plasmodium falciparum enolase results in weak Mg(II) binding: role of a parasite-specific pentapeptide insert in stabilizing the active conformation of the enzyme. The FEBS journal 6 25787157
2021 A Hetero-Multimeric Chitinase-Containing Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium gallinaceum Ookinete-Secreted Protein Complex Involved in Mosquito Midgut Invasion. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 5 33489941
2006 Generation and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific to Plasmodium falciparum enolase. Journal of vector borne diseases 5 16967815
2015 EWGWS insert in Plasmodium falciparum ookinete surface enolase is involved in binding of PWWP containing peptides: Implications to mosquito midgut invasion by the parasite. Insect biochemistry and molecular biology 4 26592350
2013 Evolutionary immune response to conserved domains in parasites and aeroallergens. Allergy and asthma proceedings 4 23406942
2023 A recombinant Aspergillus oryzae fungus transmitted from larvae to adults of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes inhibits malaria parasite oocyst development. Scientific reports 2 37500682
2021 Identification of mRNA 5' cap-associated proteins in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 2 34890716
2017 Functions of tryptophan residues in EWGWS insert of Plasmodium falciparum enolase. FEBS open bio 2 28680804
2026 Systematic identification of species-specific allosteric sites in bacterial glycolytic enzymes: Hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and enolase. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Proteins and proteomics 0 42628823