Affinage · Plasmodium

PF3D7_0105200

RAP protein RAP1

Annotated
2026-09-07
67 papers in source corpus 19 papers cited in narrative 19 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PF3D7_0105200 (RAP1) is a Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated protein that organizes the low-molecular-weight rhoptry complex and, after invasion, supports intra-erythrocytic parasite survival (PMID:10835342, PMID:28205319, PMID:17553576). RAP1 is synthesized as an 86-kDa precursor (Pr86) that traffics through the secretory/Golgi pathway—blocked reversibly by brefeldin A and low temperature and irreversibly by N-ethylmaleimide—en route to the rhoptry (PMID:8719244), where it is proteolytically matured through sequential cleavage to p82 and then p67 (PMID:9574915), a maturation that includes cleavage by the subtilisin-like protease PfSUB1 (PMID:21220481). Trafficking to the rhoptry depends on association with the GPI-anchored protein RAMA, with RAP1 carrying distinct signals for sub-compartment localization and for subsequent transfer to the parasitophorous vacuole (PMID:19266084, PMID:14613941). Within the rhoptry RAP1 is the core component of the RAP1/RAP2 and RAP1/RAP3 complexes (PMID:17553576) and is required to escort RAP2 to the rhoptry: disruption of RAP1 mislocalizes RAP2 to an ER-like compartment without abolishing erythrocyte invasion (PMID:10835342). Functionally, the RAP complex is dispensable for rhoptry morphology and invasion but acts post-invasion to maintain parasitophorous vacuolar membrane integrity and normal intra-erythrocytic growth (PMID:28205319); consistent with this, in P. berghei RAP1 deletion attenuates virulence while retaining its RAP2-targeting role (PMID:29307564). Separately, the same gene ID was reported to encode a mitochondrion-localized, essential RNA-binding protein (termed PfRAP01) that binds mitochondrial rRNAs and supports mitoribosome activity in trophozoites (PMID:35277503); this mitochondrial identity is not reconciled with the rhoptry-protein body of evidence in the available corpus.

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1990 Medium

    The question of whether RAP1's multiple immunodetected forms arise from one gene product was addressed by showing they derive from a common precursor, establishing RAP1 as a processed multi-component antigen.

    Evidence immunoaffinity purification, SDS-PAGE, monoclonal antibodies and partial gene sequencing in P. falciparum

    PMID:2200961

    Open questions at the time
    • Protease responsible not identified
    • Functional role of any processed form undefined
  2. 1992 Medium

    To connect RAP1 processing to parasite biology, inhibitory antibodies were mapped near the p80-to-p65 cleavage site, linking a specific processing event to merozoite release.

    Evidence monoclonal antibody epitope mapping with fusion proteins/synthetic peptides and in vitro growth inhibition in P. falciparum

    PMID:1279419

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of invasion inhibition not defined
    • Erythrocyte ligand not identified
  3. 1995 Medium

    The route of RAP1 to the rhoptry was defined as secretory-pathway dependent, showing precursor processing requires transit through the Golgi.

    Evidence brefeldin A / low-temperature / NEM treatment plus in vitro translation and immunoprecipitation in P. falciparum

    PMID:8719244

    Open questions at the time
    • Nature of the post-translational modification distinguishing the 84-kDa primary product from Pr86 unresolved
    • Specific transport receptors not identified
  4. 1998 Medium

    The temporal order of RAP1 maturation was resolved, showing Pr86 is cleaved to p82 then slowly to p67 only after complex formation and delivery to forming rhoptries, implying p67 acts during invasion.

    Evidence immunoblot, immunofluorescence, brefeldin A fractionation and epitope mapping in P. falciparum

    PMID:9574915

    Open questions at the time
    • Protease(s) executing each cleavage not identified at the time
    • Functional consequence of p67 generation not tested
  5. 2000 High

    Whether RAP1 has a role beyond being a processed antigen was answered by showing it is required to target RAP2 to the rhoptry, defining RAP1 as a chaperone/escort for the complex.

    Evidence gene disruption, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence in P. falciparum

    PMID:10835342

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular determinants on RAP1 mediating RAP2 escort not mapped
    • Why invasion is unaffected despite mislocalization not explained
  6. 2003 Low

    The upstream trafficking partner was probed by placing RAP1 in apposition to RAMA in the Golgi/rhoptry pathway, implicating RAMA in RAP1 delivery.

    Evidence immunofluorescence co-localization, brefeldin A treatment and indirect immunoprecipitation in P. falciparum

    PMID:14613941

    Open questions at the time
    • No direct RAP1-RAMA pull-down demonstrated in this study
    • Binding interface undefined
  7. 2004 Low

    The possibility of a direct erythrocyte-binding role was explored using RAP1-derived peptides that bind red cells and a 72-kDa membrane protein and inhibit invasion.

    Evidence synthetic peptide erythrocyte-binding and invasion inhibition assays in P. falciparum

    PMID:15161083

    Open questions at the time
    • Not validated with full-length RAP1 or mutagenesis
    • Identity of the 72-kDa receptor unknown
  8. 2007 Medium

    The complex architecture and a surface-tagging activity were defined: RAP1 is the core of RAP1/RAP2 and RAP1/RAP3 complexes and is specifically required for RAP-complex binding to erythrocyte surfaces.

    Evidence BN-PAGE and mass spectrometry of detergent-resistant membranes [#9]; RAP1 gene-disruption and surface iodination [#10] in P. falciparum

    PMID:17553576 PMID:17624849

    Open questions at the time
    • Biological significance of erythrocyte tagging not established
    • Composition of higher-order aggregates unresolved
  9. 2009 Medium

    The trafficking mechanism was refined by showing RAMA interaction routes RAP1 into the rhoptry and that RAP1 encodes separable signals for sub-compartment localization and post-invasion transfer to the parasitophorous vacuole.

    Evidence GFP chimera trafficking assays and in vitro pull-down in P. falciparum

    PMID:19266084

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise signal sequences not mapped to residues
    • Machinery executing PV transfer unknown
  10. 2011 Medium

    A specific protease for RAP1 maturation was assigned by identifying RAP1 as a PfSUB1 substrate in the late blood-stage proteome.

    Evidence bioinformatic and proteomic substrate analysis in P. falciparum

    PMID:21220481

    Open questions at the time
    • Cleavage sites not directly mapped for RAP1
    • Whether PfSUB1 alone accounts for all processing steps unclear
  11. 2015 Medium

    Regulation of RAP1 expression and additional trafficking partners were addressed: PfAlba1 binds RAP1 mRNA to time its translation [#12], and the AP-1 subunit Pfmu1 co-precipitates with RAP1 [#13].

    Evidence RIP-seq and translational timing analysis [#12]; co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization [#13] in P. falciparum

    PMID:25573429 PMID:26415947

    Open questions at the time
    • Pfmu1-RAP1 interaction rests on a single Co-IP without trafficking-signal mutagenesis
    • How translational timing coordinates with rhoptry biogenesis not resolved
  12. 2017 Medium

    The long-standing question of RAP1's essential function was reframed by showing the RAP complex is dispensable for invasion but required post-invasion for PVM integrity and intra-erythrocytic growth.

    Evidence conditional knockdown, PVM microscopy, growth assays and mouse infection in P. falciparum and P. berghei

    PMID:28205319

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism by which the RAP complex maintains the PVM unknown
    • Whether RAP1 acts directly at the PVM not shown
  13. 2018 Medium

    Cross-species conservation of RAP1 function and its contribution to virulence were tested in P. berghei, confirming RAP2 targeting and revealing attenuated virulence upon RAP1 loss.

    Evidence gene knockout and in vivo mouse infection in P. berghei ANKA

    PMID:29307564

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic basis of increased early parasitemia yet prolonged survival unresolved
    • Link between RAP2 mistargeting and virulence not established
  14. 2019 Medium

    Whether rhoptry localization extends beyond merozoites was answered by demonstrating RAP1 rhoptry localization in P. berghei sporozoites.

    Evidence immuno-electron microscopy and RT-PCR in P. berghei sporozoites

    PMID:31552198

    Open questions at the time
    • Sporozoite-stage function of RAP1 not tested
    • Whether the RAP complex assembles in sporozoites unknown
  15. 2022 High

    A distinct identity was reported under the same gene ID: an essential mitochondrial RNA-binding protein (PfRAP01) binding mitochondrial rRNAs and supporting mitoribosome activity in trophozoites.

    Evidence inducible knockdown, eCLIP-seq, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics and mitochondrial enrichment in P. falciparum

    PMID:35277503

    Open questions at the time
    • Not reconciled with the rhoptry-protein literature for this gene ID
    • Relationship, if any, between mitochondrial and rhoptry pools undefined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • It remains unresolved how the rhoptry-associated RAP1 body of evidence and the reported mitochondrial RNA-binding activity assigned to the same gene ID relate, and what the direct molecular mechanism of RAP1 in PVM maintenance is.
  • Two divergent localizations/functions attributed to one gene ID not experimentally reconciled
  • No structural model of RAP1 or its complexes
  • Direct RAP1 activity at the PVM undemonstrated

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification
Partners
MITOCHONDRIAL RRNAS [#0]PFALBA1 (BINDS RAP1 MRNA, TRANSLATIONAL REPRESSION) [#12]PFCLAG9 [#18]PFMU1 / AP-1 ADAPTOR COMPLEX [#13]PFSUB1 (PROTEASE ACTING ON RAP1) [#6]RAMA (GPI-ANCHORED TRAFFICKING PARTNER) [#2, #11]RAP2 (ESCORTED TO RHOPTRY BY RAP1) [#1, #16]RAP3 [#9]
Complex memberships
RAP1/RAP2 low-molecular-weight rhoptry complex [#9, #17]RAP1/RAP2/RAP3 within the broader PfClag9-RhopH association [#18]RAP1/RAP3 low-molecular-weight rhoptry complex [#9]

Evidence

Reading pass · 19 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2022 PF3D7_0105200 (referred to as PfRAP01 in the paper) localizes to the mitochondrion in P. falciparum, is essential for parasite survival, functions as an RNA-binding protein that interacts specifically with mitochondrial rRNAs, and is involved in mitochondrial RNA metabolism and mitoribosome activity, as demonstrated by inducible knockdown, eCLIP-seq, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics. Inducible knockdown (TetR-DOZI), eCLIP-seq (high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by crosslinking immunoprecipitation), transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, mitochondrial enrichment experiments Nature communications High 35277503
2000 RAP1 is required for targeting RAP2 to the rhoptries in P. falciparum; truncated RAP1 species (produced by gene disruption) failed to complex with RAP2 and RAP3, and RAP2 was mislocalized to a compartment resembling the endoplasmic reticulum lumen rather than the rhoptries. Disruption of RAP1 did not abolish erythrocyte invasion. Gene targeting/disruption, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence localization The EMBO journal High 10835342
2009 RAP1 is trafficked to the rhoptry via an interaction with the GPI-anchored rhoptry protein RAMA; once inside the rhoptry, RAP1 contains distinct signals for localization within a sub-compartment and for subsequent transfer to the parasitophorous vacuole after invasion. GFP chimera trafficking assays, in vitro pull-down assays PLoS pathogens Medium 19266084
1995 Transport of RAP1 (p82) to the rhoptries in P. falciparum is regulated by the secretory pathway; brefeldin A and low temperature reversibly block processing of the 86-kDa precursor (Pr86) to the mature 82-kDa product, and N-ethylmaleimide irreversibly blocks this processing. In vitro translation revealed a cleavable N-terminal signal peptide and an initial 84-kDa primary product that differs from the in vivo precursor Pr86, suggesting a post-translational modification during maturation. Brefeldin A and low temperature treatment of intact cells, N-ethylmaleimide treatment, in vitro translation, immunoprecipitation Molecular and biochemical parasitology Medium 8719244
1998 RAP1 undergoes sequential proteolytic processing within the rhoptries: the precursor Pr86 is rapidly cleaved to p82 and then more slowly to p67, both reactions occurring after Pr86 complexes are transported to forming rhoptries. p67 is absent from ring-stage parasites, suggesting it plays a role specifically during merozoite invasion. Pr86 can form complexes with RAP-2 (p39) and RAP-3 (p37) similar to mature p82/p67 complexes. Immunoblot, immunofluorescence localization, brefeldin A treatment (size fractionation of radiolabeled proteins), antibody epitope mapping Molecular and biochemical parasitology Medium 9574915
1990 RAP1 (rhoptry-associated protein-1) is a multi-component antigen whose 80, 65, 42, and 40 kDa proteins are derived from the same precursor via autocatalytic processing, as indicated by monoclonal antibody evidence and immunological cross-reactivity; the antigen is lipophilic and disulfide bonding plays an important role in its structure. Immunoaffinity purification, SDS-PAGE, monoclonal antibody characterization, Western blot, gene sequencing Molecular and biochemical parasitology Medium 2200961
2011 RAP1 is a substrate of the P. falciparum subtilisin-like protease PfSUB1; bioinformatic and proteomic analysis of the late asexual blood stage proteome identified RAP1 as proteolytically processed by PfSUB1. Bioinformatic analysis combined with proteomic analysis of asexual blood stage proteome Infection and immunity Medium 21220481
1992 Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies against RAP1 recognize linear epitopes mapping 10-20 amino acids C-terminal to the proteolytic cleavage site (around amino acid 190) where p80 is processed to p65; the p65 form is absent from purified merozoites, suggesting its generation is associated with merozoite release. Monoclonal antibody epitope mapping with beta-galactosidase fusion proteins and synthetic peptides, Western blot, in vitro parasite growth inhibition assay Molecular and biochemical parasitology Medium 1279419
2017 The RAP complex (including RAP1) in Plasmodium is not required for rhoptry morphology or erythrocyte invasion, but instead functions post-invasion to facilitate parasite survival in the parasitophorous vacuole; conditional knockdown of RAP complex members leads to altered parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) structure, delayed intra-erythrocytic growth, and reduced parasitaemias in infected mice. Conditional knockdown, fluorescence microscopy of PVM structure, in vitro growth assays, in vivo mouse infection Cellular microbiology Medium 28205319
2007 RAP1 is a core component of both the RAP1/RAP2 and RAP1/RAP3 low molecular weight rhoptry complexes; RAP1 was identified as predominating in high molecular weight species by BN-PAGE from detergent-resistant membranes, suggesting aggregation into larger complexes. Detergent-resistant membrane purification, blue native-PAGE, mass spectrometry Molecular and biochemical parasitology Medium 17553576
2007 RAP1 (but not RAP3) is required for the binding of RAP complex members to the surface of normal (non-parasitized) erythrocytes; RAP1 gene-disruption mutant parasites lost their capacity to tag erythrocytes as measured by surface iodination experiments. RAP1 gene-disruption mutant parasites, surface iodination experiments The Journal of infectious diseases Medium 17624849
2003 RAP1 is found in close apposition with RAMA in the Golgi/rhoptry trafficking pathway, suggesting direct protein-protein interactions; RAMA disruption experiments implicated RAMA in trafficking RAP1 and RhopH3 to rhoptries. Immunofluorescence co-localization, brefeldin A treatment, immunoprecipitation (indirect) The Journal of biological chemistry Low 14613941
2015 PfAlba1 RNA-binding protein binds the RAP1 mRNA in trophozoites and this binding is linked to translational repression of RAP1; release of RAP1 mRNA from the PfAlba1 complex in mature stages correlates with RAP1 protein synthesis. Deep sequencing of affinity-purified PfAlba1-associated RNAs (RIP-seq), overexpression of epitope-tagged PfAlba1, mRNA steady-state analysis Genome biology Medium 26415947
2015 The AP-1 adaptor complex subunit Pfmu1 co-localizes with RAP1 in schizonts and co-immunoprecipitates with RAP1, suggesting a role for the AP-1 complex in RAP1 trafficking to rhoptries. Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence co-localization, AlF4 treatment Biochimica et biophysica acta Low 25573429
2004 Synthetic peptides spanning RAP1 sequence (HABPs 26201-26204 in the Cys region residues 461-540, and HABP 26188 residues 201-220) bind specifically to erythrocytes in a saturable manner, some inhibit in vitro merozoite invasion, and they bind specifically to a 72 kDa protein in the red blood cell membrane. Erythrocyte binding assays with synthetic peptides, in vitro invasion inhibition assays, ligand-binding to RBC membrane proteins Vaccine Low 15161083
2019 RAP1 protein localizes to rhoptries in P. berghei sporozoites (confirmed by immuno-electron microscopy), indicating that rhoptry expression and localization of RAP1 is conserved between merozoites and sporozoites. Immuno-electron microscopy, RT-PCR for transcript detection in oocyst-derived sporozoites Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology Medium 31552198
2018 In P. berghei, RAP1 deficiency leads to increased early parasitemia but prolonged mouse survival compared to controls; RAP1 is required for targeting RAP2 to the rhoptries (consistent with P. falciparum data), and deletion of RAP1 was associated with attenuated virulence. Genetic disruption (knockout) in P. berghei ANKA, in vivo mouse infection, comparative genomics Experimental parasitology Medium 29307564
2021 RAP1 and RAP2 were identified as components of the low-molecular-mass rhoptry protein complex by immunoaffinity purification and LC-MS/MS from P. falciparum merozoites. Immunoaffinity purification, LC-MS/MS Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology Low 33537242
2020 RAP1, RAP2, and RAP3 were identified as associated proteins of PfClag9 by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry from P. falciparum merozoite extracts, placing RAP1 within the broader PfClag9-RhopH complex. Immunoprecipitation with anti-PfClag9 antibody, mass spectrometry Infection and immunity Low 31712270

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 67 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1994 Differential localization of full-length and processed forms of PF83/AMA-1 an apical membrane antigen of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 229 7838184
1998 Genetic polymorphism and natural selection in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Genetics 213 9584096
2003 Characterization of a membrane-associated rhoptry protein of Plasmodium falciparum. The Journal of biological chemistry 106 14613941
2000 RAP1 controls rhoptry targeting of RAP2 in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The EMBO journal 104 10835342
1990 A rhoptry antigen of Plasmodium falciparum is protective in Saimiri monkeys. Parasitology 92 2263413
1990 Characterisation and sequence of a protective rhoptry antigen from Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 90 2200961
2011 Global identification of multiple substrates for Plasmodium falciparum SUB1, an essential malarial processing protease. Infection and immunity 79 21220481
2007 Identification of protein complexes in detergent-resistant membranes of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 73 17553576
1996 Dual interaction of the malaria circumsporozoite protein with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. The Journal of experimental medicine 69 8920859
2009 Identification of rhoptry trafficking determinants and evidence for a novel sorting mechanism in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS pathogens 68 19266084
2000 Human genetic factors related to susceptibility to mild malaria in Gabon. Genes and immunity 65 11196674
2001 Limonene arrests parasite development and inhibits isoprenylation of proteins in Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 55 11502528
1992 Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies recognise epitopes adjacent to a proteolytic cleavage site on the RAP-1 protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 55 1279419
2010 Multiple antigen peptide vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infection and immunity 52 20823210
2015 The PfAlba1 RNA-binding protein is an important regulator of translational timing in Plasmodium falciparum blood stages. Genome biology 50 26415947
1995 The secretary pathway of plasmodium falciparum regulates transport of p82/RAP1 to the rhoptries. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 40 8719244
2002 Identification and disruption of the gene encoding the third member of the low-molecular-mass rhoptry complex in Plasmodium falciparum. Infection and immunity 34 12183575
2000 Efficacy of vaccines containing rhoptry-associated proteins RAP1 and RAP2 of Plasmodium falciparum in Saimiri boliviensis monkeys. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 34 11220762
1998 Analysis of the processing of Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated protein 1 and localization of Pr86 to schizont rhoptries and p67 to free merozoites. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 34 9574915
1998 Analysis of inhibitory epitopes in the Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry protein RAP-1 including identification of a second inhibitory epitope. Infection and immunity 33 9423886
1997 Assessment of the humoral immune response against Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated proteins 1 and 2. Infection and immunity 33 9169771
2002 Plasmodium falciparum MAEBL is a unique member of the ebl family. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 32 12076768
2010 Proteome analysis reveals a large merozoite surface protein-1 associated complex on the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface. Journal of proteome research 31 21175202
1999 Immune responses against Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage antigens and disease susceptibility in Gabonese and Cameroonian children. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 31 10497996
2017 The Plasmodium rhoptry associated protein complex is important for parasitophorous vacuole membrane structure and intraerythrocytic parasite growth. Cellular microbiology 30 28205319
2007 Members of the low-molecular-mass rhoptry protein complex of Plasmodium falciparum bind to the surface of normal erythrocytes. The Journal of infectious diseases 30 17624849
1993 Specific T-cell recognition of the merozoite proteins rhoptry-associated protein 1 and erythrocyte-binding antigen 1 of Plasmodium falciparum. Infection and immunity 30 8418048
1993 Tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-6 production induced by components associated with merozoite proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasite immunology 30 8506119
2009 Mechanisms of malarial anaemia: potential involvement of the Plasmodium falciparum low molecular weight rhoptry-associated proteins. Acta tropica 28 19695213
2004 Human leukocyte antigen class II alleles influence levels of antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum asexual-stage apical membrane antigen 1 but not to merozoite surface antigen 2 and merozoite surface protein 1. Infection and immunity 27 15102786
1999 A longitudinal study of human antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated protein 1 in a region of seasonal and unstable malaria transmission. Infection and immunity 26 10338508
1999 IgG reactivities against recombinant Rhoptry-Associated Protein-1 (rRAP-1) are associated with mixed Plasmodium infections and protection against disease in Tanzanian children. Parasitology 25 10581610
2017 PhenoPlasm: a database of disruption phenotypes for malaria parasite genes. Wellcome open research 24 28748223
2004 Transcription status of vaccine candidate genes of Plasmodium falciparum during the hepatic phase of its life cycle. Parasitology research 24 14963770
2003 Does infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus affect the antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigenic determinants in asymptomatic pregnant women? The Journal of infection 24 12643865
2015 A role for adaptor protein complex 1 in protein targeting to rhoptry organelles in Plasmodium falciparum. Biochimica et biophysica acta 22 25573429
2010 Evidence for negative selection on the gene encoding rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1) in Plasmodium spp. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases 22 20363375
2006 The Plasmodium vivax rhoptry-associated protein 1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 21 16458855
1997 Antibody responses to Rhoptry-Associated Protein-1 (RAP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in humans from areas of different malaria endemicity. Parasite immunology 20 9347514
1996 Limited RAP-1 sequence diversity in field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 19 8784775
1992 Molecular factors responsible for host cell recognition and invasion in Plasmodium falciparum. The Journal of protozoology 19 1560416
1998 Antigenicity of recombinant proteins derived from rhoptry-associated protein 1 of Plasmodium falciparum. Infection and immunity 18 9488393
1996 A peptide derived from a B cell epitope of Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry associated protein 2 specifically raises antibodies to rhoptry associated protein 1. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 18 8946383
2019 Expression and Localization Profiles of Rhoptry Proteins in Plasmodium berghei Sporozoites. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 17 31552198
2000 Interaction of HLA and age on levels of antibody to Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated proteins 1 and 2. Infection and immunity 17 10722624
1995 Immunogenicity of recombinant Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry associated proteins 1 and 2. Parasite immunology 17 8834763
2007 Naturally acquired immunity and reduced susceptibility to falciparum malaria in two subpopulations of endemic eastern India. Scandinavian journal of immunology 16 18086262
2001 Rhoptry-associated protein 1-binding monoclonal antibody raised against a heterologous peptide sequence inhibits Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro. Infection and immunity 16 11254620
2022 Functional genomics of RAP proteins and their role in mitoribosome regulation in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature communications 14 35277503
2009 Limited genetic polymorphism of the Plasmodium vivax low molecular weight rhoptry protein complex in the Colombian population. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases 14 20026428
2008 Effect of placental malaria and HIV infection on the antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum in infants. The Journal of infectious diseases 14 18928377
2004 Specific erythrocyte binding capacity and biological activity of Plasmodium falciparum-derived rhoptry-associated protein 1 peptides. Vaccine 13 15161083
2016 Genetic diversity and natural selection in the rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1) of recent Plasmodium knowlesi clinical isolates from Malaysia. Malaria journal 12 26847346
1998 A study of antibody and T cell recognition of rhoptry-associated protein-1 (RAP-1) and RAP-2 recombinant proteins and peptides of Plasmodium falciparum in migrants and residents of the state of Rondonia, Brazil. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 12 9715934
1999 Modulation of host immune responses by protozoal DNA. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 11 10614497
2018 Self-assembling functional programmable protein array for studying protein-protein interactions in malaria parasites. Malaria journal 9 30016987
2016 Plasmodium falciparum Rab1A Localizes to Rhoptries in Schizonts. PloS one 9 27348424
2021 Identification of a Novel RAMA/RON3 Rhoptry Protein Complex in Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 8 33537242
2020 Plasmodium falciparum Clag9-Associated PfRhopH Complex Is Involved in Merozoite Binding to Human Erythrocytes. Infection and immunity 8 31712270
2018 Comparative genomics and proteomic analyses between lethal and nonlethal strains of Plasmodium berghei. Experimental parasitology 8 29307564
1994 Characterization of a new 60 kDa apical protein of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite expressed in late schizogony. Biology of the cell 7 7606209
1992 Towards a malaria vaccine: riding the rollercoaster between unrealistic optimism and lethal pessimism. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 7 1298072
2010 Conserved regions of the Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated protein 3 mediate specific host-pathogen interactions during invasion of red blood cells. Peptides 4 20833215
2022 Genetic Diversity and Clustering of the Rhoptry Associated Protein-1 of Plasmodium knowlesi from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. The Korean journal of parasitology 3 36588415
2022 Protection and Alleviated Inflammation Induced by Virus-like Particle Vaccines Containing Plasmodium berghei MSP-8, MSP-9 and RAP1. Vaccines 2 35214662
1992 Three matrix metalloproteinases form a non-covalent association with the rhoptry-associated protein-1 of Plasmodium falciparum. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1 1477099
2024 Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi in whole blood samples with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rhoptry-associated protein 1 specific polyclonal antibodies. Journal of vector borne diseases 0 38922654