Affinage · Plasmodium

RESA

PF3D7_0102200 · ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen

Annotated
2026-09-07
97 papers in source corpus 21 papers cited in narrative 21 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RESA (PF3D7_0102200) is a Plasmodium falciparum ring-stage antigen that remodels the host erythrocyte cytoskeleton to alter the mechanical and thermal stability of infected red cells (PMID:1852169, PMID:17517609). Encoded by a two-exon gene whose 3' end of exon 1 specifies a hydrophobic trafficking signal (PMID:3537955), RESA is synthesized during the schizont stage and stored in merozoite dense granules (PMID:2209790, PMID:39732432), from which it is discharged into the parasitophorous vacuole space only after erythrocyte invasion rather than at merozoite attachment (PMID:1997422). Correct delivery to the host erythrocyte cytosol requires both this N-terminal transport signal and schizont-stage expression timing (PMID:15385514), and export across the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane depends on functional PTEX-mediated transport gated by the rhoptry protein RON3 (PMID:31289187). At the cytoplasmic face of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton (PMID:2055301), RESA becomes Triton X-100-insoluble and binds spectrin, co-sedimenting with the actin-spectrin-band 4.1 complex and co-precipitating with spectrin (PMID:1852169); it engages repeat 16 of beta-spectrin through residues 663-770 near the labile dimer-dimer self-association site, and stabilizes spectrin tetramers against dissociation (PMID:17468340). A second, independent cytoskeleton-binding activity resides in an extended PRESAN domain (PMID:25106850), while an internal 48-amino-acid segment between the two repeat blocks mediates membrane association independently of the tandem repeats (PMID:7957755). Upon membrane association RESA is phosphorylated on serine and minor threonine residues by an erythrocyte membrane kinase rather than a parasite enzyme (PMID:2108327). Functionally, isogenic gene-disruption studies show RESA reduces ring-stage RBC deformability and microcirculatory transit, effects that are enhanced at febrile temperature (PMID:17517609, PMID:22937223), and protects the infected-cell cytoskeleton against heat-induced vesiculation and fragmentation (PMID:7984188, PMID:15853885); RESA is not required for merozoite invasion, but erythrocytes pre-loaded with the spectrin-binding fragment resist reinvasion (PMID:17468340, PMID:15853885).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 1985 High

    Establishing where RESA resides in the merozoite and infected cell was the first step in defining its stage of action, showing it is a stored protein that relocates to the erythrocyte membrane upon invasion.

    Evidence Immunoelectron microscopy with protein A gold plus Triton X-100 fractionation in P. falciparum

    PMID:3894564

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise granule identity (microneme vs dense granule) unresolved at this stage
    • Mechanism of membrane insolubility transition undefined
  2. 1986 High

    Determining the gene structure identified a hydrophobic exon 1 segment consistent with a trafficking signal and revealed allelic polymorphism, framing how RESA reaches the erythrocyte.

    Evidence Nucleotide sequencing, gene structure analysis, and RFLP analysis in P. falciparum

    PMID:3537955

    Open questions at the time
    • Signal function not experimentally tested here
    • Functional significance of allelic variation unknown
  3. 1989 High

    Explaining why isolate FCR3 lacks RESA showed the locus is silenced by subtelomeric inversion/deletion, providing a natural RESA-negative background for functional comparison.

    Evidence Southern blotting, cloning, and sequence analysis of the FCR3 RESA locus

    PMID:2677678

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not address RESA's normal function
    • Other genes potentially affected by the chromosomal rearrangement not resolved
  4. 1990 High

    Refining the granule assignment corrected the earlier microneme localization, placing RESA specifically in dense granules and clarifying its secretion compartment.

    Evidence Immunoelectron microscopy in P. falciparum

    PMID:2209790

    Open questions at the time
    • Timing and route of granule discharge not yet established
  5. 1990 High

    Asking whether RESA is modified after export revealed it is phosphorylated by a host erythrocyte kinase specifically on membrane association, distinguishing a host-driven post-translational event from parasite enzymology.

    Evidence [gamma-32P]ATP labeling of IOVs, immunoprecipitation, phosphoamino acid analysis, and labeling of synchronized parasites in P. falciparum

    PMID:2108327

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the erythrocyte kinase unknown
    • Functional consequence of phosphorylation undefined
  6. 1991 High

    Defining the secretion route showed RESA is released from dense granules into the parasitophorous vacuole after invasion, not through rhoptry ducts at attachment, ordering its delivery relative to invasion.

    Evidence Postembedding immunolabeling electron microscopy of newly invaded erythrocytes in P. falciparum

    PMID:1997422

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular machinery of vacuolar-to-cytosol transfer not addressed
  7. 1991 High

    Identifying the binding partner and topology established that RESA sits on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane skeleton and associates with spectrin, pinpointing its molecular target.

    Evidence Co-sedimentation with the actin-spectrin-band 4.1 complex, reciprocal co-IP with anti-spectrin, spectrin competition, IOV binding, and spectrin-depletion assays in P. falciparum

    PMID:1852169 PMID:2055301

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding region on RESA not yet mapped
    • Physiological consequence of spectrin binding not tested
  8. 1994 High

    Dissecting RESA's domains localized membrane binding to a 48-residue segment between the repeat blocks and demonstrated that recombinant RESA protects spectrin from heat-induced changes, linking binding to cytoskeletal stabilization.

    Evidence Deletion mutagenesis with IOV binding assays, fluorescence polarization of labeled spectrin, and heat-fragmentation comparison of RESA(+) vs RESA(-) infected cells in P. falciparum

    PMID:7957755 PMID:7984188

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise spectrin residues contacted not yet defined
    • RESA shown non-essential for invasion but reinvasion effect not yet tested
  9. 2004 High

    Determining what governs export showed both the N-terminal hydrophobic signal and schizont-stage expression timing are required, since a trophozoite promoter mistargeted RESA-GFP to the vacuole.

    Evidence Transfection with RESA-GFP chimeras under different promoters and fluorescence microscopy in P. falciparum

    PMID:15385514

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular recognition of the signal by the export machinery not defined here
  10. 2005 High

    A targeted resa1 knockout with isogenic controls delivered the loss-of-function test, showing RESA is dispensable for invasion and basal rigidity but is required to protect infected cells against heat shock.

    Evidence resa1-KO with parental and resa3-KO controls, heat shock, invasion, rigidity, CD36 flow adhesion, and Saimiri infection assays in P. falciparum

    PMID:15853885

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism connecting spectrin stabilization to heat protection at cellular scale not fully resolved
    • Modest CD36 adhesion effect not mechanistically explained
  11. 2007 High

    Mapping RESA to beta-spectrin repeat 16 and demonstrating tetramer stabilization plus reinvasion resistance connected the molecular interaction to both mechanical stabilization and a barrier against superinfection.

    Evidence Defined spectrin-fragment binding, tetramer stabilization assays, resealed-fragment invasion assays, and optical-tweezers deformability with isogenic KO/revertant clones in P. falciparum

    PMID:17468340 PMID:17517609

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the RESA-spectrin contact not determined
    • Relationship between deformability reduction and in vivo sequestration not addressed
  12. 2012 High

    Extending the phenotype to microcirculatory behavior showed RESA reduces membrane fluctuations and transit and impairs traversal at febrile temperature, tying its cytoskeletal action to physiological blood flow.

    Evidence Diffraction phase microscopy, microfluidic transit, and microsphere filtration comparing isogenic RESA-expressing vs disrupted lines in P. falciparum

    PMID:22937223

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo consequences for sequestration/pathogenesis not directly measured
  13. 2014 Medium

    Identifying an extended PRESAN cytoskeleton-binding domain revealed a second, spectrin-binding-independent membrane-anchoring activity in RESA.

    Evidence Localization of truncated/chimeric constructs, Triton X-100 fractionation, and domain swaps validated in RESA in P. falciparum

    PMID:25106850

    Open questions at the time
    • Cytoskeletal ligand of the PRESAN domain not identified
    • Single lab, single method set
  14. 2019 Medium

    Testing export dependency showed RESA fails to reach the host erythrocyte when the rhoptry protein RON3 is conditionally disrupted, placing RESA export downstream of RON3-gated PTEX function.

    Evidence Conditional RON3 disruption with immunofluorescence tracking of RESA localization in P. falciparum

    PMID:31289187

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct interaction of RESA with PTEX components not shown
    • Single method for the RESA-specific readout
  15. 2024 Medium

    Independent expansion microscopy re-confirmed dense-granule storage and ring-stage translocation of RESA to the erythrocyte membrane, corroborating decades-old immuno-EM with a modern method.

    Evidence Ultrastructural expansion microscopy with anti-RESA mAb in P. falciparum 3D7

    PMID:39732432

    Open questions at the time
    • No new mechanistic information beyond localization confirmation
  16. 2025 High

    A crystal structure of the human antibody B1E11K bound to RESA's repeating epitope defined the immune-recognition mode via homotypic Fab-Fab interactions, characterizing RESA as an antigenic target.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of a Fab-RESA complex with antibody from single B cell activation in P. falciparum

    PMID:39817720

    Open questions at the time
    • Structure covers a repeat epitope, not the spectrin-binding or PRESAN domains
    • Protective significance of the antibody not established here

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the two independent cytoskeleton-binding activities (the 663-770 beta-spectrin site and the PRESAN domain) and host-kinase phosphorylation are integrated into RESA's mechanical and heat-protective effects, and whether these translate to in vivo pathogenesis, remains unresolved.
  • No structural model of the RESA-spectrin interface
  • Functional role of phosphorylation untested
  • Relative contribution of spectrin-binding vs PRESAN domain to cellular phenotypes unquantified
  • In vivo sequestration/virulence consequences not directly demonstrated

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification
Partners
BETA-SPECTRIN (REPEAT 16; RESA RESIDUES 663-770) [#3, #8]ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE SERINE/THREONINE KINASE (PHOSPHORYLATES RESA) [#5]HUMAN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY B1E11K (BINDS RESA REPEAT EPITOPE) [#18]RON3 (REQUIRED FOR PTEX-MEDIATED EXPORT OF RESA) [#17]
Complex memberships
spectrin-actin-band 4.1 erythrocyte membrane skeleton (co-sedimentation) [#3]

Evidence

Reading pass · 21 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1985 RESA is localized within dense vesicles presumed to be micronemes in merozoites, and is present at the membrane of erythrocytes infected with ring-stage parasites. Within merozoites, RESA is largely Triton X-100 soluble, but becomes Triton X-100 insoluble upon association with the erythrocyte membrane. Immunoelectron microscopy with protein A gold; Triton X-100 fractionation The Journal of experimental medicine High 3894564
1990 RESA is localized in dense granules of P. falciparum merozoites (not micronemes as previously suggested), as demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy. Immunoelectron microscopy Experimental parasitology High 2209790
1991 RESA is released from merozoite dense granules after erythrocyte invasion (not via apical rhoptry ducts at the time of merozoite attachment). Post-invasion, RESA labeling was found in pockets of the parasitophorous vacuole space or in aggregates closely associated with the parasitophorous vacuole. Postembedding immunolabeling electron microscopy of newly invaded erythrocytes Infection and immunity High 1997422
1991 RESA associates with the Triton X-100-insoluble inner face of the host erythrocyte membrane skeleton. RESA co-sediments with the actin-spectrin-band 4.1 ternary complex and co-precipitates with spectrin using anti-spectrin antibodies. Excess purified spectrin reduces RESA association with the membrane, indicating spectrin is the binding partner. In vitro binding assay with spent culture supernatants; co-sedimentation; co-immunoprecipitation with anti-spectrin antibodies; competition with purified spectrin Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 1852169
1991 RESA is localized to the cytoplasmic face of the erythrocyte membrane (not the outer surface). RESA from spent culture medium binds inside-out vesicles (IOVs) and cytoskeletal shells but not sealed right-side-out vesicles. Spectrin depletion from IOVs abolishes RESA binding, indicating spectrin mediates the association. Surface radioiodination; immunofluorescence of surface-modified cells and IOVs; spectrin-depletion binding assay Experimental parasitology High 2055301
1990 RESA is phosphorylated on serine (and minor threonine) residues specifically when it becomes associated with the erythrocyte membrane skeleton, not while in mature parasites. Phosphorylation is carried out by an erythrocyte membrane kinase, not a parasite-encoded enzyme. Soluble RESA from culture supernatants, when bound to IOVs from normal uninfected erythrocytes, is also phosphorylated by the erythrocyte kinase. [gamma-32P]ATP labeling of IOVs; immunoprecipitation; phosphoamino acid analysis; [32P]phosphate labeling of intact parasitized erythrocytes; synchronized parasite labeling Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 2108327
1994 The membrane-binding domain of RESA was mapped to a 48-amino-acid region located between the two blocks of repetitive sequence. The tandem repeats are not required for membrane association. Large N-terminal deletions do not affect binding. This binding domain does not overlap the region sharing homology with the E. coli chaperone DnaJ. Deletion mutagenesis of recombinant RESA fragments expressed in E. coli; in vitro binding assay with IOVs Experimental parasitology High 7957755
1994 A recombinant RESA fragment binds to IOVs in an apparently saturable manner and remains associated with the erythrocyte cytoskeleton after Triton X-100 extraction. Recombinant RESA partially protects spectrin against heat-induced conformational changes in vitro (fluorescence polarization). Erythrocytes infected with a RESA-negative strain (FCR3) are more susceptible to heat-induced fragmentation than RESA-positive infected erythrocytes. However, resealing erythrocytes with anti-RESA antibodies did not block invasion, indicating RESA is not essential for the invasion process per se. In vitro binding assay; Triton X-100 fractionation; steady-state fluorescence polarization of fluorescein-labeled spectrin; heat-induced fragmentation assay of RESA(+) vs RESA(-) infected erythrocytes; erythrocyte resealing with antibodies Molecular and biochemical parasitology High 7984188
2007 RESA binds to a 108-amino-acid fragment of beta-spectrin (residues 663-770 of RESA bind repeat 16 of the beta-chain, close to the labile dimer-dimer self-association site). This RESA fragment stabilizes spectrin tetramers against dissociation into dimers both in situ and in solution. Erythrocytes resealed to contain the RESA(663-770) fragment display resistance to invasion by P. falciparum merozoites, suggesting RESA prevents reinvasion of already-parasitized cells. In vitro binding assay with defined spectrin fragments; spectrin tetramer stabilization assay in solution and in situ; erythrocyte resealing with RESA fragment followed by invasion assay Blood High 17468340
2007 RESA plays a major role in reducing deformability of host RBCs at the early ring stage of parasite development, but not at more advanced stages. The effect of RESA on deformability is more pronounced at febrile temperature (41°C) than at normal body temperature. This was established using parental, RESA gene-disrupted, and revertant isogenic clones measured by optical tweezers. Optical tweezers measurement of RBC mechanical properties; targeted gene disruption with isogenic parental and revertant clones; comparison at physiological and febrile temperatures Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 17517609
2005 Gene disruption of resa1 confirmed RESA's critical role in the surface reactivity of immune adult sera on glutaraldehyde-fixed ring stages. Absence of RESA did not influence merozoite invasion or erythrocyte membrane rigidity under basal conditions, but resa1-KO parasites showed marked susceptibility to heat shock: heat-induced vesiculation occurred in resa1-KO infected erythrocytes (similar to uninfected erythrocytes), whereas parental and resa3-KO infected erythrocytes were protected. A 6-hour exposure at 41°C caused 33% culture inhibition in resa1-KO but not parental or resa3-KO parasites. Absence of RESA was associated with a modest increase in cytoadhesion to CD36 under flow. RESA did not modulate virulence in Saimiri sciureus. Targeted gene disruption (resa1-KO) with isogenic parental and resa3-KO controls; heat shock assay; invasion assay; membrane rigidity assay; flow-based CD36 cytoadhesion assay; Saimiri sciureus infection model Molecular microbiology High 15853885
2012 RESA influences the dynamic microcirculatory behavior of ring-stage P. falciparum-infected RBCs. RESA-expressing Pf-RBCs showed decreased membrane fluctuations (diffraction phase microscopy), reduced transit velocity in microfluidic experiments, and impaired traversal in microsphere filtration at febrile temperature. These effects were RESA-dependent and fever-enhanced. Diffraction phase microscopy; microfluidic transit assay; microsphere filtration; comparison of RESA-expressing vs. RESA-disrupted isogenic parasite lines Scientific reports High 22937223
2004 Trafficking of RESA to the host erythrocyte cytosol requires both an appropriate N-terminal transport signal (hydrophobic stretch acting as a non-canonical secretory signal) AND correct timing of expression (schizont stage under the RESA promoter). Expression of RESA-GFP under a trophozoite-specific promoter mistargeted the chimeric protein to the parasitophorous vacuole, whereas expression under the native RESA promoter in schizont stages enabled correct trafficking to the host erythrocyte. Transfection of P. falciparum with RESA-GFP chimeric constructs under different promoters; fluorescence microscopy; stage-specific expression analysis Infection and immunity High 15385514
2014 An extended PRESAN domain (comprising the PRESAN domain and preceding sequence) of PHISTb proteins is sufficient to localize proteins to the erythrocyte periphery and functions as a cytoskeleton-binding domain. This domain was validated in RESA, identifying a second cytoskeleton-binding domain that functions independently of RESA's known spectrin-binding domain. Subcellular localization of truncated/chimeric constructs by microscopy; Triton X-100 fractionation for cytoskeletal association; domain deletion and swap experiments validated in RESA Molecular and biochemical parasitology Medium 25106850
2002 Loss of RESA (in parasites with a large chromosome 1 deletion) significantly affects the ability of parasitized RBCs to adhere under flow conditions to CD36, as measured by a competitive flow-based adhesion assay. Flow-based cytoadhesion assay using parasite lines lacking specific proteins including RESA British journal of haematology Low 11918556
1986 The RESA gene consists of two exons with a short intron near the 5' end of the coding region. A hydrophobic amino acid segment encoded by the 3' end of exon 1 is consistent with a trafficking signal sequence. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms define two different alleles represented by isolates FC27 and NF7. Nucleotide sequencing; gene structure analysis; RFLP analysis Nucleic acids research High 3537955
1989 Expression of RESA is prevented in the P. falciparum isolate FCR3 because the 5' end of the RESA gene has been inverted and partly deleted, with a telomere added to it. This represents a subtelomeric deletion mechanism silencing the gene. Southern blotting; molecular cloning; sequence analysis of the FCR3 RESA locus Molecular and cellular biology High 2677678
2019 RESA, as a representative exported protein, failed to be transported across the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane to the host erythrocyte in parasites in which the rhoptry protein RON3 was conditionally disrupted, demonstrating that RON3 is required for functional PTEX-mediated export of RESA. Conditional disruption of RON3; immunofluorescence assay monitoring RESA localization in RON3-deficient parasites mBio Medium 31289187
2025 A crystal structure of two Fab domains of human monoclonal antibody B1E11K in complex with RESA showed binding to a repeating epitope motif in a head-to-head conformation involving affinity-matured homotypic interactions between the two Fab domains. X-ray crystallography of Fab-RESA complex; human monoclonal antibody isolation by single B cell activation eLife High 39817720
2024 Ultrastructural expansion microscopy (U-ExM) confirmed RESA localization in dense granules of P. falciparum 3D7 merozoites and demonstrated translocation of RESA to the infected erythrocyte membrane in early ring-stage parasites, consistent with immunoelectron microscopy data. Ultrastructural expansion microscopy (U-ExM) with anti-RESA mAb and NHS-ester protein staining Parasitology international Medium 39732432
2023 Using RESA localization as a proxy marker for dense granule formation, dense granule biogenesis commences approximately 37 minutes prior to schizont egress. Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of RESA-expressing parasites to track DG formation timing Microbiology (Reading, England) Medium 37647112

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 97 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 A recombinant blood-stage malaria vaccine reduces Plasmodium falciparum density and exerts selective pressure on parasite populations in a phase 1-2b trial in Papua New Guinea. The Journal of infectious diseases 404 11920300
1984 Immune sera recognize on erythrocytes Plasmodium falciparum antigen composed of repeated amino acid sequences. Nature 215 6382025
1986 Immunization of Aotus monkeys with recombinant proteins of an erythrocyte surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 214 2429187
1986 Structure of the RESA gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Nucleic acids research 198 3537955
2002 Central role of the spleen in malaria parasite clearance. The Journal of infectious diseases 171 11992295
1995 Natural selection on Plasmodium surface proteins. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 163 7630387
1985 Localization of the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) of Plasmodium falciparum in merozoites and ring-infected erythrocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine 150 3894564
1991 Age-dependent acquired protection against Plasmodium falciparum in people having two years exposure to hyperendemic malaria. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 141 1867349
2000 High immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) and low IgG4 levels are associated with human resistance to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infection and immunity 138 10678934
2007 Effect of plasmodial RESA protein on deformability of human red blood cells harboring Plasmodium falciparum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 133 17517609
2000 Effect of vaccination with 3 recombinant asexual-stage malaria antigens on initial growth rates of Plasmodium falciparum in non-immune volunteers. Vaccine 122 10699342
1991 The ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum associates with spectrin in the erythrocyte membrane. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 121 1852169
1999 Human phase I vaccine trials of 3 recombinant asexual stage malaria antigens with Montanide ISA720 adjuvant. Vaccine 118 10462251
1990 Production by activated human T cells of interleukin 4 but not interferon-gamma is associated with elevated levels of serum antibodies to activating malaria antigens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 2115172
2007 The ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) of Plasmodium falciparum stabilizes spectrin tetramers and suppresses further invasion. Blood 112 17468340
1989 Dissection of the human antibody response to the malaria antigen Pf155/RESA into epitope specific components. Immunological reviews 109 2481640
2003 Safety and immunogenicity of a three-component blood-stage malaria vaccine (MSP1, MSP2, RESA) against Plasmodium falciparum in Papua New Guinean children. Vaccine 103 14604568
1991 Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen is released from merozoite dense granules after erythrocyte invasion. Infection and immunity 99 1997422
1997 In vivo removal of malaria parasites from red blood cells without their destruction in acute falciparum malaria. Blood 97 9292540
2000 The mechanisms of parasite clearance after antimalarial treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The Journal of infectious diseases 95 10915102
1990 Pf155/RESA antigen is localized in dense granules of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Experimental parasitology 94 2209790
1986 Human monoclonal antibodies to Pf 155, a major antigen of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Science (New York, N.Y.) 90 3510452
1995 Assessment of the role of the humoral response to Plasmodium falciparum MSP2 compared to RESA and SPf66 in protecting Papua New Guinean children from clinical malaria. Parasite immunology 89 8552419
2000 Safety and immunogenicity of a three-component blood-stage malaria vaccine in adults living in an endemic area of Papua New Guinea. Vaccine 85 10775784
2005 A genetic approach to the de novo identification of targets of strain-specific immunity in malaria parasites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80 15640359
2000 Lack of association between maternal antibody and protection of African infants from malaria infection. Infection and immunity 78 10992495
2000 Human malaria in immunocompromised mice: an in vivo model to study defense mechanisms against Plasmodium falciparum. The Journal of experimental medicine 78 11104807
1989 T and B cell responses of Plasmodium falciparum malaria-immune individuals to synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences in different regions of the P. falciparum antigen Pf155/RESA. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 77 2478632
1989 A dual expression system for the generation, analysis and purification of antibodies to a repeated sequence of the Plasmodium falciparum antigen Pf155/RESA. Journal of immunological methods 77 2681427
1984 The ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) polypeptide of Plasmodium falciparum contains two separate blocks of tandem repeats encoding antigenic epitopes that are naturally immunogenic in man. Molecular biology & medicine 77 6085696
2005 A role for the Plasmodium falciparum RESA protein in resistance against heat shock demonstrated using gene disruption. Molecular microbiology 72 15853885
1989 Expression of the RESA gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolate FCR3 is prevented by a subtelomeric deletion. Molecular and cellular biology 72 2677678
1988 T-cell epitopes in Pf155/RESA, a major candidate for a Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 72 2456577
1992 Plasmodium falciparum: a simple polymerase chain reaction method for differentiating strains. Experimental parasitology 69 1516668
1994 The Plasmodium falciparum protein RESA interacts with the erythrocyte cytoskeleton and modifies erythrocyte thermal stability. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 67 7984188
2004 Correct promoter control is needed for trafficking of the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen to the host cytosol in transfected malaria parasites. Infection and immunity 63 15385514
2001 A comparison of the in vivo kinetics of Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen-positive and -negative erythrocytes. Blood 59 11435316
1998 Humoral response to Plasmodium falciparum Pf155/ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen and Pf332 in three sympatric ethnic groups of Burkina Faso. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 57 9502607
1988 Identification of T epitopes within a potential Plasmodium falciparum vaccine antigen. A study of human lymphocyte responses to repeat and nonrepeat regions of Pf155/RESA. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 54 2459246
1997 The serum albumin-binding region of streptococcal protein G: a bacterial fusion partner with carrier-related properties. Journal of immunological methods 52 9032414
1996 Malaria cellular immune responses in neonates from Cameroon. Parasite immunology 52 9226685
1988 Immunization trials with the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys (Aotus vociferans). The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 51 3281493
1990 The ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen protein of Plasmodium falciparum is phosphorylated upon association with the host cell membrane. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 50 2108327
1995 Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to the Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen in an adult population exposed to highly endemic malaria. Infection and immunity 49 7822028
1990 A longitudinal study of antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum antigen Pf155/RESA and immunity to malaria infection in adult Liberians. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 49 2260161
2012 Pf155/RESA protein influences the dynamic microcirculatory behavior of ring-stage Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells. Scientific reports 48 22937223
1994 Interchromosomal exchange of a large subtelomeric segment in a Plasmodium falciparum cross. The EMBO journal 48 8076613
1999 Interethnic differences in the humoral response to non-repetitive regions of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 47 10548307
2001 Contribution of humoral immunity to the therapeutic response in falciparum malaria. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 45 11791999
1999 Longitudinal study of Plasmodium falciparum infection and immune responses in infants with or without the sickle cell trait. International journal of epidemiology 45 10480713
1992 MHC and malaria: the relationship between HLA class II alleles and immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum. International immunology 45 1390436
1992 Involvement of Pf155/RESA and cross-reactive antigens in Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion in vitro. Infection and immunity 44 1730474
1990 Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the Plasmodium falciparum antigens PF155/RESA and CS protein: seasonal variations in a population recently reexposed to endemic malaria. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 44 2221217
2017 Measuring the Plasmodium falciparum HRP2 protein in blood from artesunate-treated malaria patients predicts post-artesunate delayed hemolysis. Science translational medicine 43 28679662
1991 Passive immunization of Aotus monkeys with human antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum antigen Pf155/RESA. Infection and immunity 43 2004828
1989 Class II restriction in mice to the malaria candidate vaccine ring infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) as synthetic peptides or as expressed in recombinant vaccinia. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 43 2715642
2012 Systematic analysis of FKBP inducible degradation domain tagging strategies for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PloS one 42 22815885
1991 Failure to detect MHC class II associations of the human immune response induced by repeated malaria infections to the Plasmodium falciparum antigen Pf155/RESA. International immunology 42 1721833
1986 Antigenic repeat structures in proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Ciba Foundation symposium 42 2426051
1991 Definition of the epitope recognized by the Plasmodium falciparum-reactive human monoclonal antibody 33G2. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 41 1712912
2014 A conserved domain targets exported PHISTb family proteins to the periphery of Plasmodium infected erythrocytes. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 39 25106850
1989 Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen and P. falciparum and P. malariae circumsporozoite proteins: seasonal prevalence in Kenyan villages. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 39 2679168
2002 Assignment of functional roles to parasite proteins in malaria-infected red blood cells by competitive flow-based adhesion assay. British journal of haematology 38 11918556
1991 Immunization of owl monkeys with the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 38 1996739
1995 High proportion of subclinical Plasmodium falciparum infections in an area of seasonal and unstable malaria in Sudan. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 37 7625539
1995 Malaria and pregnancy in Cameroonian primigravidae: humoral and cellular immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigens. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 37 8561263
1992 Antibodies to a recombinant glutamate-rich Plasmodium falciparum protein: evidence for protection of individuals living in a holoendemic area of Liberia. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 37 1558270
1988 Malaria vaccines: immunogen selection and epitope mapping. Vaccine 37 2455387
1987 Repeated immunogenic amino acid sequences of Plasmodium species share sequence homologies with proteins from humans and human viruses. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 36 3116866
2006 Comparative transcriptomal analysis of isogenic Plasmodium falciparum clones of distinct antigenic and adhesive phenotypes. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 35 17196675
1991 Plasmodium falciparum: analysis of the interaction of antigen Pf155/RESA with the erythrocyte membrane. Experimental parasitology 35 2055301
1991 High antibody responses in rabbits immunized with influenza virus ISCOMs containing a repeated sequence of the Plasmodium falciparum antigen Pf155/RESA. Vaccine 34 1887676
1997 Assessment of the humoral immune response against Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated proteins 1 and 2. Infection and immunity 33 9169771
1995 A longitudinal study of seroreactivities to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in Nigerian infants during their first year of life. Acta tropica 33 7676908
1993 Human immune responses to the Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (Pf155/RESA) after a decrease in malaria transmission in Madagascar. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 33 8470778
1994 Plasmodium falciparum: mapping the membrane-binding domain in the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen. Experimental parasitology 32 7957755
1989 Age-related prevalence of antibody response against three different, defined Plasmodium falciparum antigens in children from the Haut-Ogooué province in Gabon. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32 2692217
1999 Immune responses against Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage antigens and disease susceptibility in Gabonese and Cameroonian children. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 31 10497996
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