{"gene":"PF3D7_1227600","run_date":"2026-09-08T16:26:55","timeline":{"discoveries":[{"year":2020,"finding":"SPC24 (PF3D7_1227600) was identified as a highly divergent but genuine subunit of the NDC80 outer kinetochore complex in Plasmodium, completing a canonical NDC80 complex structure (NDC80–NUF2 and SPC24–SPC25 heterodimers). This identification was made by bioinformatic deep homology searches combined with live-cell imaging of NDC80-GFP in P. berghei, revealing dynamic spatiotemporal changes in kinetochore behaviour across the life cycle.","method":"Bioinformatic homology search combined with NDC80-GFP live-cell imaging in Plasmodium berghei","journal":"Journal of cell science","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 3 / Moderate — identification by homology search plus live imaging; single lab, no in vitro reconstitution or mutagenesis of SPC24 itself, but corroborated by interactome data in a subsequent study","pmids":["32501284"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""}]},{"year":2022,"finding":"SPC24 (PF3D7_1227600 ortholog in P. berghei, PBANKA locus) was identified as a core subunit of the NDC80 complex by affinity purification: SPC24-3xHA immunoprecipitation from synchronised mitotic gametocytes recovered NDC80, NUF2, and SPC25 as the most abundant co-purifying proteins, confirming the SPC24–SPC25 heterodimer and its assembly into the tetrameric NDC80 complex in the malaria parasite.","method":"Affinity purification (3xHA tag) combined with label-free semi-quantitative mass spectrometry from synchronised mitotic gametocytes","journal":"The Journal of cell biology","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Moderate — reciprocal/comparative Co-IP with quantitative MS, single lab, corroborates prior homology identification","pmids":["36006241"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""}]},{"year":2022,"finding":"SPC24 (P. berghei ortholog) cross-links to AKiT inner kinetochore proteins (AKiT2–6) under cross-linking immunoprecipitation conditions, placing SPC24 at the interface between the outer NDC80 complex and the apicomplexan-specific inner kinetochore (AKiT) components.","method":"Cross-linking immunoprecipitation (SPC24-3xHA) with quantitative mass spectrometry; comparison of low vs. high cross-linking conditions","journal":"The Journal of cell biology","confidence":"Low","confidence_rationale":"Tier 3 / Weak — single lab, cross-linking MS enrichment only, no direct validation of SPC24–AKiT interaction by orthogonal method","pmids":["36006241"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""}]},{"year":2023,"finding":"SPC24 (P. yoelii ortholog, PY17X_1444800) localises laterally along spindle microtubules throughout endomitosis during male gametogenesis, demonstrating that Plasmodium kinetochores use lateral rather than end-on attachment to spindle MTs. This localisation pattern was shared with NDC80, SPC25, and AKiT1, and was EB1-dependent.","method":"Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) of SPC24-4Myc–tagged parasites; comparison in EB1-null background","journal":"Nature communications","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Moderate — direct localization by U-ExM and IFA with functional genetic context (EB1 knockout), single lab, multiple orthogonal imaging methods","pmids":["37208365"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium yoelii","strain":""}]},{"year":2026,"finding":"SPC24 (PF3D7_1227600 / P. berghei ortholog) was detected in the broader ARK1 (Aurora-related kinase 1) interaction neighbourhood under incremental cross-linking conditions, placing it in proximity to the chromosomal passenger complex hub at the kinetochore during male gametogenesis.","method":"Cross-linking immunoprecipitation (ARK1 pulldown) with quantitative mass spectrometry under incremental cross-linking conditions","journal":"Nature communications","confidence":"Low","confidence_rationale":"Tier 3 / Weak — SPC24 detected only under high cross-linking (labile/indirect interaction), single lab, no orthogonal validation of the SPC24–ARK1 proximity","pmids":["42323312"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""}]}],"current_model":"SPC24 (PF3D7_1227600) is a highly divergent but genuine subunit of the outer kinetochore NDC80 complex in Plasmodium, forming a heterodimer with SPC25 that anchors the tetrameric NDC80–NUF2–SPC24–SPC25 assembly to the kinetochore; during male gametogenesis, SPC24-containing kinetochores attach laterally (not end-on) to EB1-decorated spindle microtubules throughout endomitosis, and SPC24 physically associates—at least indirectly—with inner kinetochore AKiT proteins and the chromosomal passenger complex kinase ARK1."},"narrative":{"mechanistic_narrative":"SPC24 (PF3D7_1227600) is a highly divergent but genuine subunit of the outer kinetochore NDC80 complex in Plasmodium, functioning in chromosome segregation during the parasite's proliferative life-cycle stages [PMID:32501284]. Identified by deep-homology searching together with live-cell imaging in P. berghei, it completes the canonical tetrameric NDC80 assembly, in which SPC24 pairs with SPC25 as a heterodimer that joins the NDC80–NUF2 heterodimer [PMID:32501284]. Affinity purification of SPC24 from synchronised mitotic gametocytes recovers NDC80, NUF2, and SPC25 as the dominant partners, confirming the SPC24–SPC25 heterodimer and its incorporation into the tetramer in the malaria parasite [PMID:36006241]. During male gametogenesis, SPC24 localises laterally along EB1-decorated spindle microtubules throughout endomitosis rather than forming end-on attachments, a pattern shared with NDC80, SPC25, and AKiT1 and lost in an EB1-null background [PMID:37208365]. Cross-linking immunoprecipitation places SPC24 at the interface between the outer NDC80 complex and apicomplexan-specific inner kinetochore AKiT proteins [PMID:36006241] and in proximity to the chromosomal passenger complex kinase ARK1 [PMID:42323312]. Beyond these findings, no in vitro reconstitution or targeted mutagenesis of SPC24 itself has been characterized in the available corpus.","teleology":[{"year":2020,"claim":"Whether Plasmodium possesses a complete canonical NDC80 kinetochore complex was unresolved because its subunits are highly divergent; identifying SPC24 established that the parasite encodes a genuine, if divergent, tetrameric NDC80 assembly.","evidence":"Bioinformatic deep-homology search combined with NDC80-GFP live-cell imaging in P. berghei","pmids":["32501284"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Identification rests on homology plus imaging of NDC80, not on direct functional or structural analysis of SPC24 itself","No mutagenesis or knockout of SPC24 to test its requirement","No in vitro reconstitution of the SPC24–SPC25 heterodimer"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""}]},{"year":2022,"claim":"Whether the homology-inferred SPC24 physically assembles into the NDC80 tetramer in the parasite was untested; affinity purification confirmed SPC24 co-purifies with NDC80, NUF2, and SPC25 as its principal partners.","evidence":"SPC24-3xHA affinity purification with label-free quantitative mass spectrometry from synchronised mitotic gametocytes","pmids":["36006241"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Single-lab Co-IP without reciprocal SPC25-side validation of the heterodimer","Stoichiometry and direct binary interfaces not resolved","No structural model of the parasite tetramer"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""}]},{"year":2022,"claim":"Whether the outer NDC80 complex connects to the apicomplexan-specific inner kinetochore was open; cross-linking placed SPC24 at the outer–inner interface with AKiT2–6.","evidence":"Cross-linking immunoprecipitation (SPC24-3xHA) with quantitative MS comparing low vs. high cross-linking conditions","pmids":["36006241"],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["Cross-linking MS enrichment only, with no orthogonal validation of a direct SPC24–AKiT interaction","Cannot distinguish direct from indirect association","Interaction interfaces and functional consequence unknown"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""}]},{"year":2023,"claim":"The mode of kinetochore–spindle attachment in Plasmodium was undefined; imaging showed SPC24-containing kinetochores attach laterally, not end-on, along EB1-decorated microtubules throughout endomitosis.","evidence":"IFA and ultrastructure expansion microscopy of SPC24-4Myc parasites, including an EB1-null comparison, in P. yoelii male gametogenesis","pmids":["37208365"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Shown for male gametogenesis; attachment mode in other proliferative stages not established","Mechanistic basis of EB1-dependence for SPC24 localisation not resolved","Whether SPC24 directly contacts microtubules or EB1 not determined"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium yoelii","strain":""}]},{"year":2026,"claim":"Whether SPC24 lies near the chromosomal passenger complex regulatory hub was unknown; cross-linking placed SPC24 in the ARK1 interaction neighbourhood at the kinetochore during male gametogenesis.","evidence":"ARK1 cross-linking immunoprecipitation with quantitative MS under incremental cross-linking conditions in P. berghei","pmids":["42323312"],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["Detected only under high cross-linking, indicating a labile or indirect proximity with no orthogonal validation","No evidence SPC24 is an ARK1 substrate or direct binding partner","Functional role of the SPC24–ARK1 proximity unknown"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""}]},{"year":null,"claim":"The intrinsic contribution of SPC24 to kinetochore assembly and chromosome segregation remains untested by direct loss-of-function or structural analysis.","evidence":"No SPC24-specific knockout, mutagenesis, or in vitro reconstitution reported in the corpus","pmids":[],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["No SPC24 conditional knockout phenotype","No structure of the parasite SPC24–SPC25 heterodimer or tetramer","Direct binding partners and microtubule/EB1 contacts unresolved"],"attribution":[]}],"mechanism_profile":{"molecular_activity":[],"localization":[],"pathway":[],"complexes":["NDC80 complex (NDC80–NUF2–SPC24–SPC25 tetramer)","SPC24–SPC25 heterodimer"],"partners":["SPC25","NDC80","NUF2","AKIT2–6 (INNER KINETOCHORE, CROSS-LINKING PROXIMITY)","AKIT1 (CO-LOCALISATION)","EB1 (LOCALISATION DEPENDENCY)","ARK1 (CROSS-LINKING PROXIMITY)"],"other_free_text":["SPC24 is a highly divergent but genuine outer-kinetochore NDC80 subunit in Plasmodium; the corpus characterizes it primarily through complex membership and localisation rather than intrinsic biochemical activity.","During P. yoelii male gametogenesis, SPC24-containing kinetochores attach laterally rather than end-on to spindle microtubules, with localisation dependent on EB1.","Findings derive from P. berghei and P. yoelii orthologs; no direct experimental data on the P. falciparum protein PF3D7_1227600 itself beyond ortholog inference is present in the corpus."]}},"prefetch_data":{},"corpus_meta":[{"pmid":"32501284","id":"PMC_32501284","title":"Real-time dynamics of Plasmodium NDC80 reveals unusual modes of chromosome segregation during parasite proliferation.","date":"2020","source":"Journal of cell science","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32501284","citation_count":47,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SPC24"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"42323312","id":"","title":"A modular chromosomal passenger complex rewires chromosome segregation in Plasmodium berghei.","date":"2026","source":"Nature communications","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42323312","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SPC24"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"36006241","id":"","title":"Composition and organization of kinetochores show plasticity in apicomplexan chromosome segregation.","date":"2022","source":"The Journal of cell biology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36006241","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SPC24"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"38987258","id":"","title":"Disruption of Plasmodium falciparum kinetochore proteins destabilises the nexus between the centrosome equivalent and the mitotic apparatus.","date":"2024","source":"Nature communications","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38987258","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SPC24"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"37208365","id":"","title":"EB1 decoration of microtubule lattice facilitates spindle-kinetochore lateral attachment in Plasmodium male gametogenesis.","date":"2023","source":"Nature communications","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37208365","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SPC24"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"35800888","id":"","title":"Kinetochore Architecture Employs Diverse Linker Strategies Across Evolution.","date":"2022","source":"Frontiers in cell and developmental biology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35800888","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SPC24"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"33912479","id":"","title":"The Modular Circuitry of Apicomplexan Cell Division Plasticity.","date":"2021","source":"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33912479","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SPC24"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false}],"cost":{"stage1":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","input_tokens":10011,"output_tokens":1629,"usd":0.027234,"stage1_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"stage2":{"model":"claude-opus-4-8","input_tokens":6656,"output_tokens":3093,"usd":0.055302,"stage2_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"total_usd":0.082536,"stage1_batch_id":"msgbatch_01NE1MTa8x1hW7Lo4tAaNzY1","stage2_batch_id":"msgbatch_0141vaQdeFvbo2q39AinvXM9","note":"batch pricing = 50% of standard"},"stage1_raw":"```json\n{\n  \"discoveries\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2020,\n      \"finding\": \"SPC24 (PF3D7_1227600) was identified as a highly divergent but genuine subunit of the NDC80 outer kinetochore complex in Plasmodium, completing a canonical NDC80 complex structure (NDC80–NUF2 and SPC24–SPC25 heterodimers). This identification was made by bioinformatic deep homology searches combined with live-cell imaging of NDC80-GFP in P. berghei, revealing dynamic spatiotemporal changes in kinetochore behaviour across the life cycle.\",\n      \"method\": \"Bioinformatic homology search combined with NDC80-GFP live-cell imaging in Plasmodium berghei\",\n      \"journal\": \"Journal of cell science\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 3 / Moderate — identification by homology search plus live imaging; single lab, no in vitro reconstitution or mutagenesis of SPC24 itself, but corroborated by interactome data in a subsequent study\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"32501284\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2022,\n      \"finding\": \"SPC24 (PF3D7_1227600 ortholog in P. berghei, PBANKA locus) was identified as a core subunit of the NDC80 complex by affinity purification: SPC24-3xHA immunoprecipitation from synchronised mitotic gametocytes recovered NDC80, NUF2, and SPC25 as the most abundant co-purifying proteins, confirming the SPC24–SPC25 heterodimer and its assembly into the tetrameric NDC80 complex in the malaria parasite.\",\n      \"method\": \"Affinity purification (3xHA tag) combined with label-free semi-quantitative mass spectrometry from synchronised mitotic gametocytes\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of cell biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Moderate — reciprocal/comparative Co-IP with quantitative MS, single lab, corroborates prior homology identification\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"36006241\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2022,\n      \"finding\": \"SPC24 (P. berghei ortholog) cross-links to AKiT inner kinetochore proteins (AKiT2–6) under cross-linking immunoprecipitation conditions, placing SPC24 at the interface between the outer NDC80 complex and the apicomplexan-specific inner kinetochore (AKiT) components.\",\n      \"method\": \"Cross-linking immunoprecipitation (SPC24-3xHA) with quantitative mass spectrometry; comparison of low vs. high cross-linking conditions\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of cell biology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 3 / Weak — single lab, cross-linking MS enrichment only, no direct validation of SPC24–AKiT interaction by orthogonal method\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"36006241\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2023,\n      \"finding\": \"SPC24 (P. yoelii ortholog, PY17X_1444800) localises laterally along spindle microtubules throughout endomitosis during male gametogenesis, demonstrating that Plasmodium kinetochores use lateral rather than end-on attachment to spindle MTs. This localisation pattern was shared with NDC80, SPC25, and AKiT1, and was EB1-dependent.\",\n      \"method\": \"Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) of SPC24-4Myc–tagged parasites; comparison in EB1-null background\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nature communications\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Moderate — direct localization by U-ExM and IFA with functional genetic context (EB1 knockout), single lab, multiple orthogonal imaging methods\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"37208365\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium yoelii\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2026,\n      \"finding\": \"SPC24 (PF3D7_1227600 / P. berghei ortholog) was detected in the broader ARK1 (Aurora-related kinase 1) interaction neighbourhood under incremental cross-linking conditions, placing it in proximity to the chromosomal passenger complex hub at the kinetochore during male gametogenesis.\",\n      \"method\": \"Cross-linking immunoprecipitation (ARK1 pulldown) with quantitative mass spectrometry under incremental cross-linking conditions\",\n      \"journal\": \"Nature communications\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 3 / Weak — SPC24 detected only under high cross-linking (labile/indirect interaction), single lab, no orthogonal validation of the SPC24–ARK1 proximity\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"42323312\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"current_model\": \"SPC24 (PF3D7_1227600) is a highly divergent but genuine subunit of the outer kinetochore NDC80 complex in Plasmodium, forming a heterodimer with SPC25 that anchors the tetrameric NDC80–NUF2–SPC24–SPC25 assembly to the kinetochore; during male gametogenesis, SPC24-containing kinetochores attach laterally (not end-on) to EB1-decorated spindle microtubules throughout endomitosis, and SPC24 physically associates—at least indirectly—with inner kinetochore AKiT proteins and the chromosomal passenger complex kinase ARK1.\"\n}\n```","stage2_raw":"{\n  \"mechanistic_narrative\": \"SPC24 (PF3D7_1227600) is a highly divergent but genuine subunit of the outer kinetochore NDC80 complex in Plasmodium, functioning in chromosome segregation during the parasite's proliferative life-cycle stages [#0]. Identified by deep-homology searching together with live-cell imaging in P. berghei, it completes the canonical tetrameric NDC80 assembly, in which SPC24 pairs with SPC25 as a heterodimer that joins the NDC80\\u2013NUF2 heterodimer [#0]. Affinity purification of SPC24 from synchronised mitotic gametocytes recovers NDC80, NUF2, and SPC25 as the dominant partners, confirming the SPC24\\u2013SPC25 heterodimer and its incorporation into the tetramer in the malaria parasite [#1]. During male gametogenesis, SPC24 localises laterally along EB1-decorated spindle microtubules throughout endomitosis rather than forming end-on attachments, a pattern shared with NDC80, SPC25, and AKiT1 and lost in an EB1-null background [#3]. Cross-linking immunoprecipitation places SPC24 at the interface between the outer NDC80 complex and apicomplexan-specific inner kinetochore AKiT proteins [#2] and in proximity to the chromosomal passenger complex kinase ARK1 [#4]. Beyond these findings, no in vitro reconstitution or targeted mutagenesis of SPC24 itself has been characterized in the available corpus.\",\n  \"teleology\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2020,\n      \"claim\": \"Whether Plasmodium possesses a complete canonical NDC80 kinetochore complex was unresolved because its subunits are highly divergent; identifying SPC24 established that the parasite encodes a genuine, if divergent, tetrameric NDC80 assembly.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Bioinformatic deep-homology search combined with NDC80-GFP live-cell imaging in P. berghei\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"32501284\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Identification rests on homology plus imaging of NDC80, not on direct functional or structural analysis of SPC24 itself\",\n        \"No mutagenesis or knockout of SPC24 to test its requirement\",\n        \"No in vitro reconstitution of the SPC24\\u2013SPC25 heterodimer\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2022,\n      \"claim\": \"Whether the homology-inferred SPC24 physically assembles into the NDC80 tetramer in the parasite was untested; affinity purification confirmed SPC24 co-purifies with NDC80, NUF2, and SPC25 as its principal partners.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"SPC24-3xHA affinity purification with label-free quantitative mass spectrometry from synchronised mitotic gametocytes\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"36006241\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Single-lab Co-IP without reciprocal SPC25-side validation of the heterodimer\",\n        \"Stoichiometry and direct binary interfaces not resolved\",\n        \"No structural model of the parasite tetramer\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2022,\n      \"claim\": \"Whether the outer NDC80 complex connects to the apicomplexan-specific inner kinetochore was open; cross-linking placed SPC24 at the outer\\u2013inner interface with AKiT2\\u20136.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Cross-linking immunoprecipitation (SPC24-3xHA) with quantitative MS comparing low vs. high cross-linking conditions\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"36006241\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Cross-linking MS enrichment only, with no orthogonal validation of a direct SPC24\\u2013AKiT interaction\",\n        \"Cannot distinguish direct from indirect association\",\n        \"Interaction interfaces and functional consequence unknown\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2023,\n      \"claim\": \"The mode of kinetochore\\u2013spindle attachment in Plasmodium was undefined; imaging showed SPC24-containing kinetochores attach laterally, not end-on, along EB1-decorated microtubules throughout endomitosis.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"IFA and ultrastructure expansion microscopy of SPC24-4Myc parasites, including an EB1-null comparison, in P. yoelii male gametogenesis\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"37208365\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Shown for male gametogenesis; attachment mode in other proliferative stages not established\",\n        \"Mechanistic basis of EB1-dependence for SPC24 localisation not resolved\",\n        \"Whether SPC24 directly contacts microtubules or EB1 not determined\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium yoelii\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2026,\n      \"claim\": \"Whether SPC24 lies near the chromosomal passenger complex regulatory hub was unknown; cross-linking placed SPC24 in the ARK1 interaction neighbourhood at the kinetochore during male gametogenesis.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"ARK1 cross-linking immunoprecipitation with quantitative MS under incremental cross-linking conditions in P. berghei\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"42323312\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Detected only under high cross-linking, indicating a labile or indirect proximity with no orthogonal validation\",\n        \"No evidence SPC24 is an ARK1 substrate or direct binding partner\",\n        \"Functional role of the SPC24\\u2013ARK1 proximity unknown\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": null,\n      \"claim\": \"The intrinsic contribution of SPC24 to kinetochore assembly and chromosome segregation remains untested by direct loss-of-function or structural analysis.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"No SPC24-specific knockout, mutagenesis, or in vitro reconstitution reported in the corpus\",\n      \"pmids\": [],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"No SPC24 conditional knockout phenotype\",\n        \"No structure of the parasite SPC24\\u2013SPC25 heterodimer or tetramer\",\n        \"Direct binding partners and microtubule/EB1 contacts unresolved\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": []\n    }\n  ],\n  \"mechanism_profile\": {\n    \"molecular_activity\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0008017\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [3]}\n    ],\n    \"localization\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0000776\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0, 1, 3]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0000940\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0, 2]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005876\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [3]}\n    ],\n    \"pathway\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0007059\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0051301\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [3]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0007080\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [3]}\n    ],\n    \"complexes\": [\n      \"NDC80 complex (NDC80\\u2013NUF2\\u2013SPC24\\u2013SPC25 tetramer)\",\n      \"SPC24\\u2013SPC25 heterodimer\"\n    ],\n    \"partners\": [\n      \"SPC25\",\n      \"NDC80\",\n      \"NUF2\",\n      \"AKiT2\\u20136 (inner kinetochore, cross-linking proximity)\",\n      \"AKiT1 (co-localisation)\",\n      \"EB1 (localisation dependency)\",\n      \"ARK1 (cross-linking proximity)\"\n    ],\n    \"other_free_text\": [\n      \"SPC24 is a highly divergent but genuine outer-kinetochore NDC80 subunit in Plasmodium; the corpus characterizes it primarily through complex membership and localisation rather than intrinsic biochemical activity.\",\n      \"During P. yoelii male gametogenesis, SPC24-containing kinetochores attach laterally rather than end-on to spindle microtubules, with localisation dependent on EB1.\",\n      \"Findings derive from P. berghei and P. yoelii orthologs; no direct experimental data on the P. falciparum protein PF3D7_1227600 itself beyond ortholog inference is present in the corpus.\"\n    ]\n  }\n}","audit_flag":null,"strains":[{"strain":"Pf3D7","gene_id":"PF3D7_1227600","name":null,"product":"kinetochore protein SPC24, putative","uniprot_acc":null,"chromosome":null,"start_pos":null},{"strain":"PbANKA","gene_id":"PBANKA_1442300","name":null,"product":"kinetochore protein SPC24, putative","uniprot_acc":null,"chromosome":null,"start_pos":null},{"strain":"PkH","gene_id":"PKNH_1447000","name":null,"product":"kinetochore protein SPC24, putative","uniprot_acc":null,"chromosome":null,"start_pos":null}],"gene_symbol":"SPC24","evaluation":null}