{"gene":"PF3D7_1105500","run_date":"2026-09-08T19:44:17","timeline":{"discoveries":[{"year":2008,"finding":"CEN4 (PfCEN4) was shown by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy to be expressed in sporozoites, asexual blood forms, gametocytes, and oocysts, and to localize in close proximity to the parasite nucleus and associate with the parasite centrosome (co-staining with alpha-tubulin). Episomal expression of the four PfCENs in a centrin knock-out Leishmania donovani line was used as a growth complementation assay; PfCEN4 was among the four tested but the abstract does not specify which single PfCEN rescued the defect.","method":"Immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, confocal/widefield microscopy with anti-centrin and anti-alpha-tubulin double staining, growth complementation in Leishmania centrin knock-out line","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Moderate — direct localization by immunoEM and immunofluorescence with functional assay in heterologous system, single lab, multiple orthogonal methods but PfCEN4-specific rescue outcome not clearly distinguished from other PfCENs","pmids":["18693242"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""}]},{"year":2019,"finding":"PbCEN-4 (the P. berghei ortholog of CEN4, an alveolate-specific centrin) was shown by live cell imaging using super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to dynamically change its localization from cytoplasmic (outside mitosis) to the centriolar plaque (MTOC) during nuclear division in asexual replicative stages. PbCEN-4 was shown to form a multi-protein complex with other P. berghei centrins (PbCen1, 2, and 3) by co-immunoprecipitation or equivalent complex analysis. Genetic knockout of PbCEN-4 demonstrated that it is dispensable for parasite proliferation.","method":"Live cell fluorescence imaging (SIM/super-resolution), multi-protein complex analysis, genetic knockout","journal":"Biology open","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Strong — super-resolution live imaging for localization plus genetic knockout with defined proliferation phenotype and complex membership established, multiple orthogonal methods in a single rigorous study","pmids":["30541825"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""}]},{"year":2020,"finding":"Live-cell imaging with CEN4-GFP (used as an SPB/MTOC/centriolar plaque marker) showed that CEN4 foci duplicate before nuclear division, setting the stage for each round of mitosis during asexual proliferation of P. berghei; 1 or 2 CEN4 foci per nucleus were observed, reflecting asynchronous nuclear division within the same cell.","method":"Live-cell GFP imaging (fluorescence microscopy) of CEN4-GFP in P. berghei","journal":"Journal of cell science","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 3 / Moderate — live imaging with GFP fusion establishing duplication timing, single lab, corroborated by independent study (PMID 30541825) using similar approach","pmids":["32501284"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""}]},{"year":2023,"finding":"Recombinant PfCen4 (CEN4) protein was shown in vitro to undergo calcium-inducible liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), forming fusogenic droplets that dissolve upon EDTA (calcium chelation) addition, as measured by turbidity assays and widefield microscopy. Unlike PfCen1 and PfCen3, the N-terminus of PfCen4 was predicted (IUPred3) to lack an intrinsically disordered region (IDR), yet PfCen4 still underwent LLPS, indicating that the IDR is not strictly required for condensation in this paralog. Additionally, certain centrins including PfCen4 can form co-condensates with other centrins.","method":"In vitro turbidity assay with recombinant protein, widefield fluorescence microscopy of droplet formation and fusion, EDTA-reversibility assay, IUPred3 IDR prediction","journal":"PLoS pathogens","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 1 / Moderate — in vitro reconstitution of LLPS with recombinant CEN4 protein plus reversibility assay, single study, multiple orthogonal in vitro methods","pmids":["38150475"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""}]}],"current_model":"CEN4 (PF3D7_1105500) is an alveolate-specific calcium-binding centrin that localizes dynamically to the parasite centriolar plaque/MTOC during nuclear division (and is cytoplasmic outside mitosis), forms a multi-protein complex with other Plasmodium centrins, undergoes calcium-inducible liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro, and duplicates prior to each round of nuclear division; genetic knockout in P. berghei establishes that it is dispensable for asexual parasite proliferation."},"narrative":{"mechanistic_narrative":"CEN4 (PF3D7_1105500) is an alveolate-specific, calcium-binding centrin that acts at the parasite centriolar plaque/microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) during the repeated rounds of nuclear division that drive Plasmodium proliferation [PMID:18693242, PMID:30541825]. In P. falciparum it is expressed across sporozoite, asexual blood, gametocyte, and oocyst stages and localizes in close proximity to the nucleus in association with the centrosome, co-staining with alpha-tubulin [PMID:18693242]. Live super-resolution and GFP imaging in P. berghei show CEN4 is cytoplasmic outside mitosis but is dynamically recruited to the centriolar plaque during nuclear division, where its foci duplicate ahead of each division and appear as one or two foci per nucleus consistent with asynchronous mitosis [PMID:30541825, PMID:32501284]. CEN4 assembles into a multi-protein complex with the other Plasmodium centrins (PbCen1, 2, and 3), and genetic knockout of the P. berghei ortholog establishes that CEN4 is dispensable for asexual proliferation [PMID:30541825]. Recombinant PfCEN4 undergoes calcium-inducible, EDTA-reversible liquid-liquid phase separation into fusogenic droplets and can form co-condensates with other centrins, and it does so despite lacking a predicted N-terminal intrinsically disordered region, indicating IDR-independent condensation for this paralog [PMID:38150475].","teleology":[{"year":2008,"claim":"Establishing where CEN4 acts and whether it is functional was the first question; localization to the centrosome near the nucleus across multiple life-cycle stages placed CEN4 at the parasite MTOC and demonstrated its expression throughout the life cycle.","evidence":"Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy with anti-centrin/anti-alpha-tubulin co-staining, plus growth complementation in a Leishmania centrin knockout line, in P. falciparum","pmids":["18693242"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["The complementation assay tested all four PfCENs and did not resolve whether CEN4 specifically rescued the Leishmania defect","Static imaging did not reveal how localization changes through the cell cycle","No interaction partners or complex membership defined"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""}]},{"year":2019,"claim":"Whether CEN4 localization is dynamic, whether it partners with other centrins, and whether it is required for growth were resolved: CEN4 relocates from cytoplasm to the centriolar plaque during nuclear division, joins a centrin complex, and is dispensable for proliferation.","evidence":"Super-resolution SIM live-cell imaging, co-immunoprecipitation/complex analysis, and genetic knockout in P. berghei","pmids":["30541825"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["The molecular trigger for cytoplasm-to-MTOC recruitment is not defined","Dispensability for asexual proliferation leaves open roles in sexual or mosquito stages","Stoichiometry and architecture of the centrin complex not resolved"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""}]},{"year":2020,"claim":"The timing of CEN4 behavior relative to mitosis was clarified: CEN4 foci duplicate before each nuclear division, marking the parasite's preparation for successive rounds of division.","evidence":"Live-cell GFP imaging of CEN4-GFP as an MTOC/centriolar plaque marker in P. berghei","pmids":["32501284"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Whether CEN4 duplication is a cause or a consequence of centriolar plaque duplication is not established","Mechanism controlling asynchronous foci numbers per nucleus unknown"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""}]},{"year":2023,"claim":"How CEN4 might organize material at the MTOC was addressed biochemically: recombinant CEN4 undergoes calcium-inducible, reversible phase separation and co-condenses with other centrins, providing a physical basis for centrin assembly.","evidence":"In vitro turbidity assays, widefield microscopy of droplet formation/fusion, EDTA reversibility, and IUPred3 IDR prediction with recombinant PfCEN4","pmids":["38150475"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["LLPS was shown in vitro only; its occurrence and function at the parasite centriolar plaque in vivo is not demonstrated","The sequence determinant driving CEN4 condensation without an N-terminal IDR is not identified","Functional consequence of centrin co-condensation for MTOC activity untested"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""}]},{"year":null,"claim":"The specific mechanistic function of CEN4 at the centriolar plaque and its dedicated (non-redundant) role, given its dispensability for asexual growth, remain unresolved.","evidence":"","pmids":[],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["No defined biochemical activity linking CEN4 to centriolar plaque duplication or spindle organization","Role in sexual and mosquito-stage development not directly tested despite expression there","Whether in vitro LLPS reflects a physiological condensation mechanism in vivo is unknown"],"attribution":[]}],"mechanism_profile":{"molecular_activity":[],"localization":[],"pathway":[],"complexes":["Plasmodium centrin complex with PbCen1, PbCen2, and PbCen3 [#1]"],"partners":["PBCEN1 [#1]","PBCEN2 [#1]","PBCEN3 [#1]"],"other_free_text":["Undergoes calcium-inducible, EDTA-reversible liquid-liquid phase separation into fusogenic droplets in vitro and can form co-condensates with other centrins, despite lacking a predicted N-terminal IDR [#3]","CEN4 foci duplicate prior to each round of nuclear division; 1-2 foci per nucleus observed, reflecting asynchronous nuclear division [#2]","Dispensable for asexual proliferation in P. berghei by genetic knockout [#1]","Expressed across sporozoite, asexual blood, gametocyte, and oocyst stages in P. falciparum [#0]"]}},"prefetch_data":{},"corpus_meta":[{"pmid":"18693242","id":"PMC_18693242","title":"Centrins, cell cycle regulation proteins in human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.","date":"2008","source":"The Journal of biological chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18693242","citation_count":68,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["curated_ref"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"30541825","id":"PMC_30541825","title":"Plasmodium centrin PbCEN-4 localizes to the putative MTOC and is dispensable for malaria parasite proliferation.","date":"2019","source":"Biology open","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30541825","citation_count":24,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["PbCEN4"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"38150475","id":"","title":"Malaria parasite centrins can assemble by Ca2+-inducible condensation.","date":"2023","source":"PLoS pathogens","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38150475","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["CEN4"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"34946106","id":"","title":"Structural and Functional Insights into the Microtubule Organizing Centers of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp.","date":"2021","source":"Microorganisms","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34946106","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["CEN4"],"competing_organism_flag":true,"competing_organism_match":"Toxoplasma","competing_organism_only":true},{"pmid":"32501284","id":"","title":"Real-time dynamics of Plasmodium NDC80 reveals unusual modes of chromosome segregation during parasite proliferation.","date":"2020","source":"Journal of cell science","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32501284","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["CEN4"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false}],"cost":{"stage1":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","input_tokens":7233,"output_tokens":1482,"usd":0.021965,"stage1_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"stage2":{"model":"claude-opus-4-8","input_tokens":6449,"output_tokens":2598,"usd":0.048598,"stage2_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"total_usd":0.070563,"stage1_batch_id":"msgbatch_01SRp5hyRc82zNjddxyCCXGk","stage2_batch_id":"msgbatch_01K3BTmBazRo3pRrMvyaPMTY","note":"batch pricing = 50% of standard"},"stage1_raw":"```json\n{\n  \"discoveries\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2008,\n      \"finding\": \"CEN4 (PfCEN4) was shown by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy to be expressed in sporozoites, asexual blood forms, gametocytes, and oocysts, and to localize in close proximity to the parasite nucleus and associate with the parasite centrosome (co-staining with alpha-tubulin). Episomal expression of the four PfCENs in a centrin knock-out Leishmania donovani line was used as a growth complementation assay; PfCEN4 was among the four tested but the abstract does not specify which single PfCEN rescued the defect.\",\n      \"method\": \"Immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, confocal/widefield microscopy with anti-centrin and anti-alpha-tubulin double staining, growth complementation in Leishmania centrin knock-out line\",\n      \"journal\": \"The Journal of biological chemistry\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Moderate — direct localization by immunoEM and immunofluorescence with functional assay in heterologous system, single lab, multiple orthogonal methods but PfCEN4-specific rescue outcome not clearly distinguished from other PfCENs\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"18693242\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2019,\n      \"finding\": \"PbCEN-4 (the P. berghei ortholog of CEN4, an alveolate-specific centrin) was shown by live cell imaging using super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to dynamically change its localization from cytoplasmic (outside mitosis) to the centriolar plaque (MTOC) during nuclear division in asexual replicative stages. PbCEN-4 was shown to form a multi-protein complex with other P. berghei centrins (PbCen1, 2, and 3) by co-immunoprecipitation or equivalent complex analysis. Genetic knockout of PbCEN-4 demonstrated that it is dispensable for parasite proliferation.\",\n      \"method\": \"Live cell fluorescence imaging (SIM/super-resolution), multi-protein complex analysis, genetic knockout\",\n      \"journal\": \"Biology open\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Strong — super-resolution live imaging for localization plus genetic knockout with defined proliferation phenotype and complex membership established, multiple orthogonal methods in a single rigorous study\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"30541825\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2020,\n      \"finding\": \"Live-cell imaging with CEN4-GFP (used as an SPB/MTOC/centriolar plaque marker) showed that CEN4 foci duplicate before nuclear division, setting the stage for each round of mitosis during asexual proliferation of P. berghei; 1 or 2 CEN4 foci per nucleus were observed, reflecting asynchronous nuclear division within the same cell.\",\n      \"method\": \"Live-cell GFP imaging (fluorescence microscopy) of CEN4-GFP in P. berghei\",\n      \"journal\": \"Journal of cell science\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 3 / Moderate — live imaging with GFP fusion establishing duplication timing, single lab, corroborated by independent study (PMID 30541825) using similar approach\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"32501284\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2023,\n      \"finding\": \"Recombinant PfCen4 (CEN4) protein was shown in vitro to undergo calcium-inducible liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), forming fusogenic droplets that dissolve upon EDTA (calcium chelation) addition, as measured by turbidity assays and widefield microscopy. Unlike PfCen1 and PfCen3, the N-terminus of PfCen4 was predicted (IUPred3) to lack an intrinsically disordered region (IDR), yet PfCen4 still underwent LLPS, indicating that the IDR is not strictly required for condensation in this paralog. Additionally, certain centrins including PfCen4 can form co-condensates with other centrins.\",\n      \"method\": \"In vitro turbidity assay with recombinant protein, widefield fluorescence microscopy of droplet formation and fusion, EDTA-reversibility assay, IUPred3 IDR prediction\",\n      \"journal\": \"PLoS pathogens\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 1 / Moderate — in vitro reconstitution of LLPS with recombinant CEN4 protein plus reversibility assay, single study, multiple orthogonal in vitro methods\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"38150475\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"current_model\": \"CEN4 (PF3D7_1105500) is an alveolate-specific calcium-binding centrin that localizes dynamically to the parasite centriolar plaque/MTOC during nuclear division (and is cytoplasmic outside mitosis), forms a multi-protein complex with other Plasmodium centrins, undergoes calcium-inducible liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro, and duplicates prior to each round of nuclear division; genetic knockout in P. berghei establishes that it is dispensable for asexual parasite proliferation.\"\n}\n```","stage2_raw":"{\n  \"mechanistic_narrative\": \"CEN4 (PF3D7_1105500) is an alveolate-specific, calcium-binding centrin that acts at the parasite centriolar plaque/microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) during the repeated rounds of nuclear division that drive Plasmodium proliferation [#0, #1]. In P. falciparum it is expressed across sporozoite, asexual blood, gametocyte, and oocyst stages and localizes in close proximity to the nucleus in association with the centrosome, co-staining with alpha-tubulin [#0]. Live super-resolution and GFP imaging in P. berghei show CEN4 is cytoplasmic outside mitosis but is dynamically recruited to the centriolar plaque during nuclear division, where its foci duplicate ahead of each division and appear as one or two foci per nucleus consistent with asynchronous mitosis [#1, #2]. CEN4 assembles into a multi-protein complex with the other Plasmodium centrins (PbCen1, 2, and 3), and genetic knockout of the P. berghei ortholog establishes that CEN4 is dispensable for asexual proliferation [#1]. Recombinant PfCEN4 undergoes calcium-inducible, EDTA-reversible liquid-liquid phase separation into fusogenic droplets and can form co-condensates with other centrins, and it does so despite lacking a predicted N-terminal intrinsically disordered region, indicating IDR-independent condensation for this paralog [#3].\",\n  \"teleology\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2008,\n      \"claim\": \"Establishing where CEN4 acts and whether it is functional was the first question; localization to the centrosome near the nucleus across multiple life-cycle stages placed CEN4 at the parasite MTOC and demonstrated its expression throughout the life cycle.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy with anti-centrin/anti-alpha-tubulin co-staining, plus growth complementation in a Leishmania centrin knockout line, in P. falciparum\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"18693242\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"The complementation assay tested all four PfCENs and did not resolve whether CEN4 specifically rescued the Leishmania defect\",\n        \"Static imaging did not reveal how localization changes through the cell cycle\",\n        \"No interaction partners or complex membership defined\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2019,\n      \"claim\": \"Whether CEN4 localization is dynamic, whether it partners with other centrins, and whether it is required for growth were resolved: CEN4 relocates from cytoplasm to the centriolar plaque during nuclear division, joins a centrin complex, and is dispensable for proliferation.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Super-resolution SIM live-cell imaging, co-immunoprecipitation/complex analysis, and genetic knockout in P. berghei\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"30541825\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"The molecular trigger for cytoplasm-to-MTOC recruitment is not defined\",\n        \"Dispensability for asexual proliferation leaves open roles in sexual or mosquito stages\",\n        \"Stoichiometry and architecture of the centrin complex not resolved\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2020,\n      \"claim\": \"The timing of CEN4 behavior relative to mitosis was clarified: CEN4 foci duplicate before each nuclear division, marking the parasite's preparation for successive rounds of division.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Live-cell GFP imaging of CEN4-GFP as an MTOC/centriolar plaque marker in P. berghei\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"32501284\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Whether CEN4 duplication is a cause or a consequence of centriolar plaque duplication is not established\",\n        \"Mechanism controlling asynchronous foci numbers per nucleus unknown\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2023,\n      \"claim\": \"How CEN4 might organize material at the MTOC was addressed biochemically: recombinant CEN4 undergoes calcium-inducible, reversible phase separation and co-condenses with other centrins, providing a physical basis for centrin assembly.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"In vitro turbidity assays, widefield microscopy of droplet formation/fusion, EDTA reversibility, and IUPred3 IDR prediction with recombinant PfCEN4\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"38150475\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"LLPS was shown in vitro only; its occurrence and function at the parasite centriolar plaque in vivo is not demonstrated\",\n        \"The sequence determinant driving CEN4 condensation without an N-terminal IDR is not identified\",\n        \"Functional consequence of centrin co-condensation for MTOC activity untested\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": null,\n      \"claim\": \"The specific mechanistic function of CEN4 at the centriolar plaque and its dedicated (non-redundant) role, given its dispensability for asexual growth, remain unresolved.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"\",\n      \"pmids\": [],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"No defined biochemical activity linking CEN4 to centriolar plaque duplication or spindle organization\",\n        \"Role in sexual and mosquito-stage development not directly tested despite expression there\",\n        \"Whether in vitro LLPS reflects a physiological condensation mechanism in vivo is unknown\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": []\n    }\n  ],\n  \"mechanism_profile\": {\n    \"molecular_activity\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005509\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [3]}\n    ],\n    \"localization\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005813\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0, 1, 2]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005737\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [1]}\n    ],\n    \"pathway\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0007067\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [1, 2]}\n    ],\n    \"complexes\": [\n      \"Plasmodium centrin complex with PbCen1, PbCen2, and PbCen3 [#1]\"\n    ],\n    \"partners\": [\n      \"PbCen1 [#1]\",\n      \"PbCen2 [#1]\",\n      \"PbCen3 [#1]\"\n    ],\n    \"other_free_text\": [\n      \"Undergoes calcium-inducible, EDTA-reversible liquid-liquid phase separation into fusogenic droplets in vitro and can form co-condensates with other centrins, despite lacking a predicted N-terminal IDR [#3]\",\n      \"CEN4 foci duplicate prior to each round of nuclear division; 1-2 foci per nucleus observed, reflecting asynchronous nuclear division [#2]\",\n      \"Dispensable for asexual proliferation in P. berghei by genetic knockout [#1]\",\n      \"Expressed across sporozoite, asexual blood, gametocyte, and oocyst stages in P. falciparum [#0]\"\n    ]\n  }\n}","audit_flag":null,"strains":[{"strain":"Pf3D7","gene_id":"PF3D7_1105500","name":null,"product":"centrin-4","uniprot_acc":null,"chromosome":null,"start_pos":null},{"strain":"PbANKA","gene_id":"PBANKA_0941400","name":null,"product":"centrin-4","uniprot_acc":null,"chromosome":null,"start_pos":null},{"strain":"PkH","gene_id":"PKNH_0903100","name":null,"product":"centrin-4, putative","uniprot_acc":null,"chromosome":null,"start_pos":null}],"gene_symbol":"CEN4","evaluation":null}