{"gene":"PF3D7_0530100","run_date":"2026-09-07T10:55:52","timeline":{"discoveries":[{"year":2006,"finding":"PF3D7_0530100 (SYN6) was identified as one of 18 SNARE-like proteins in the P. falciparum genome through bioinformatics analysis, classified within a P. falciparum-specific syntaxin-like subfamily. GFP-tagging and subcellular localization experiments placed other family members at ER/Golgi and punctate structures, but SYN6 itself was not individually localized in this study beyond genomic identification.","method":"Bioinformatics genome analysis; GFP-tagging of selected family members (PfSyn5p and PfSec22p, not SYN6 directly)","journal":"Molecular and biochemical parasitology","confidence":"Low","confidence_rationale":"Tier 4 / Weak — SYN6 identified computationally as family member; no direct experiment performed on SYN6 itself","pmids":["17240462"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""}]},{"year":2020,"finding":"SYN6 (Stx6 ortholog in P. falciparum) was implicated, alongside Stx16, in inner membrane complex (alveoli) biogenesis, acting in coordination with TgVps45, based on functional studies in Toxoplasma gondii and P. falciparum. The finding places SYN6 in a SNARE complex relevant to IMC biogenesis.","method":"Conditional knockdown of SNARE proteins combined with phenotypic analysis of IMC biogenesis in T. gondii and P. falciparum","journal":"mBio","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Moderate — functional knockdown with defined cellular phenotype in two apicomplexan species, but SYN6's specific role is inferred as part of a multi-protein complex rather than tested in isolation","pmids":["33082261"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""},{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]}],"current_model":"PF3D7_0530100 (SYN6) is a P. falciparum SNARE protein belonging to a parasite-specific syntaxin-like subfamily; it has been implicated as a member of a SNARE complex (together with Stx16 and Vps45) involved in inner membrane complex biogenesis, but no direct in vitro biochemical activity, structure, or isolated loss-of-function experiment has been reported specifically for SYN6 itself."},"narrative":{"mechanistic_narrative":"PF3D7_0530100 (SYN6) is a P. falciparum SNARE protein originally identified computationally as one of 18 SNARE-like proteins in the parasite genome and assigned to a P. falciparum-specific syntaxin-like subfamily [PMID:17240462]. Functional work in apicomplexans has implicated SYN6, together with Stx16 and coordinated with Vps45, in a SNARE complex relevant to inner membrane complex (alveoli) biogenesis, with this role established through conditional knockdown of SNARE proteins in T. gondii and P. falciparum [PMID:33082261]. Beyond its identification as a subfamily member [PMID:17240462] and its inferred participation in this IMC-biogenesis complex [PMID:33082261], no direct in vitro biochemical activity, structure, or isolated loss-of-function experiment has been characterized for SYN6 itself in the available corpus.","teleology":[{"year":2006,"claim":"Before this work it was unknown whether P. falciparum encodes a SNARE machinery; a genome-wide survey established SYN6 as a member of a parasite-specific syntaxin-like SNARE subfamily, framing it as a candidate vesicle-trafficking protein.","evidence":"Bioinformatics genome analysis with GFP-tagging of selected family members (not SYN6 directly)","pmids":["17240462"],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["SYN6 was identified only computationally; no direct experiment was performed on SYN6 itself","SYN6 was not individually localized in this study","No biochemical or functional activity demonstrated for SYN6"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""}]},{"year":2020,"claim":"It was unknown what cellular process SYN6 contributes to; knockdown studies placed SYN6 alongside Stx16 and Vps45 in a SNARE complex functioning in inner membrane complex (alveoli) biogenesis, giving the protein a defined pathway context.","evidence":"Conditional knockdown of SNARE proteins with phenotypic analysis of IMC biogenesis in T. gondii and P. falciparum","pmids":["33082261"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["SYN6's specific role was inferred as part of a multi-protein complex rather than tested in isolation","No direct biochemical demonstration of SNARE complex assembly by SYN6","No structure or membrane-fusion activity reported for SYN6"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""},{"species":"Toxoplasma gondii","strain":""}]},{"year":null,"claim":"Whether SYN6 has intrinsic SNARE-mediated membrane fusion activity, defined subcellular localization, and a distinguishable individual loss-of-function phenotype remains unresolved.","evidence":"","pmids":[],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["No isolated SYN6 loss-of-function experiment reported","No structural model or in vitro reconstitution of SYN6","SYN6-specific subcellular localization not determined"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""}]}],"mechanism_profile":{"molecular_activity":[],"localization":[],"pathway":[],"complexes":["SNARE complex with Stx16 and Vps45 (IMC biogenesis)"],"partners":["STX16","VPS45"],"other_free_text":["Member of a P. falciparum-specific syntaxin-like SNARE subfamily (1 of 18 SNARE-like proteins identified genome-wide) [#0].","Implicated in inner membrane complex (alveoli) biogenesis via a SNARE complex, based on knockdown studies in P. falciparum and T. gondii [#1].","No direct in vitro activity, structure, or isolated loss-of-function data reported for SYN6 itself in the available corpus."]}},"prefetch_data":{},"corpus_meta":[{"pmid":"17240462","id":"PMC_17240462","title":"Identification of Plasmodium falciparum family of SNAREs.","date":"2006","source":"Molecular and biochemical parasitology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17240462","citation_count":38,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SNARE","PfSNARE"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"33082261","id":"PMC_33082261","title":"The ZIP Code of Vesicle Trafficking in Apicomplexa: SEC1/Munc18 and SNARE Proteins.","date":"2020","source":"mBio","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33082261","citation_count":33,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SNARE"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"31731198","id":"PMC_31731198","title":"Plasmodium Secretion Induces Hepatocyte Lysosome Exocytosis and Promotes Parasite Entry.","date":"2019","source":"iScience","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31731198","citation_count":21,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SNARE"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"22555616","id":"PMC_22555616","title":"The isoprenoid-precursor dependence of Plasmodium spp.","date":"2012","source":"Natural product reports","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22555616","citation_count":19,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SNARE"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"21075148","id":"PMC_21075148","title":"Evidence for prenylation-dependent targeting of a Ykt6 SNARE in Plasmodium falciparum.","date":"2010","source":"Molecular and biochemical parasitology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21075148","citation_count":19,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SNARE"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"25433733","id":"PMC_25433733","title":"Computational prediction of protein interactions related to the invasion of erythrocytes by malarial parasites.","date":"2014","source":"BMC bioinformatics","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433733","citation_count":14,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SNARE"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"30995911","id":"PMC_30995911","title":"Hospital-derived antibody profiles of malaria patients in Southwest India.","date":"2019","source":"Malaria journal","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30995911","citation_count":11,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SYN6"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"19617396","id":"PMC_19617396","title":"The longin domain regulates the steady-state dynamics of Sec22 in Plasmodium falciparum.","date":"2009","source":"Eukaryotic cell","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19617396","citation_count":7,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SNARE protein","SNARE"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"19103232","id":"PMC_19103232","title":"Plasmodium falciparum secretory pathway: characterization of PfStx1, a plasma membrane Qa-SNARE.","date":"2008","source":"Molecular and biochemical parasitology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19103232","citation_count":7,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SNARE"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"41972675","id":"PMC_41972675","title":"Host SNARE Proteins Mediate Lysosome and PVM Fusion to Support Plasmodium Liver Infection.","date":"2026","source":"Cells","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41972675","citation_count":1,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SNARE"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"42478859","id":"PMC_42478859","title":"VAMP3 vesicles support host protein recruitment and Plasmodium liver stage development.","date":"2026","source":"mBio","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478859","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pf"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["SNARE protein","SNARE"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false}],"cost":{"stage1":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","input_tokens":8709,"output_tokens":736,"usd":0.018583,"stage1_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"stage2":{"model":"claude-opus-4-8","input_tokens":5341,"output_tokens":1572,"usd":0.033002,"stage2_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"total_usd":0.051585,"stage1_batch_id":"msgbatch_01DbiymDmubkPpYvdbAu5a7V","stage2_batch_id":"msgbatch_012TbrWvMRH129T7PQ4SmvrJ","note":"batch pricing = 50% of standard"},"stage1_raw":"```json\n{\n  \"discoveries\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2006,\n      \"finding\": \"PF3D7_0530100 (SYN6) was identified as one of 18 SNARE-like proteins in the P. falciparum genome through bioinformatics analysis, classified within a P. falciparum-specific syntaxin-like subfamily. GFP-tagging and subcellular localization experiments placed other family members at ER/Golgi and punctate structures, but SYN6 itself was not individually localized in this study beyond genomic identification.\",\n      \"method\": \"Bioinformatics genome analysis; GFP-tagging of selected family members (PfSyn5p and PfSec22p, not SYN6 directly)\",\n      \"journal\": \"Molecular and biochemical parasitology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 4 / Weak — SYN6 identified computationally as family member; no direct experiment performed on SYN6 itself\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"17240462\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [{\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"}]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2020,\n      \"finding\": \"SYN6 (Stx6 ortholog in P. falciparum) was implicated, alongside Stx16, in inner membrane complex (alveoli) biogenesis, acting in coordination with TgVps45, based on functional studies in Toxoplasma gondii and P. falciparum. The finding places SYN6 in a SNARE complex relevant to IMC biogenesis.\",\n      \"method\": \"Conditional knockdown of SNARE proteins combined with phenotypic analysis of IMC biogenesis in T. gondii and P. falciparum\",\n      \"journal\": \"mBio\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Moderate — functional knockdown with defined cellular phenotype in two apicomplexan species, but SYN6's specific role is inferred as part of a multi-protein complex rather than tested in isolation\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"33082261\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"},\n        {\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"current_model\": \"PF3D7_0530100 (SYN6) is a P. falciparum SNARE protein belonging to a parasite-specific syntaxin-like subfamily; it has been implicated as a member of a SNARE complex (together with Stx16 and Vps45) involved in inner membrane complex biogenesis, but no direct in vitro biochemical activity, structure, or isolated loss-of-function experiment has been reported specifically for SYN6 itself.\"\n}\n```","stage2_raw":"{\n  \"mechanistic_narrative\": \"PF3D7_0530100 (SYN6) is a P. falciparum SNARE protein originally identified computationally as one of 18 SNARE-like proteins in the parasite genome and assigned to a P. falciparum-specific syntaxin-like subfamily [#0]. Functional work in apicomplexans has implicated SYN6, together with Stx16 and coordinated with Vps45, in a SNARE complex relevant to inner membrane complex (alveoli) biogenesis, with this role established through conditional knockdown of SNARE proteins in T. gondii and P. falciparum [#1]. Beyond its identification as a subfamily member [#0] and its inferred participation in this IMC-biogenesis complex [#1], no direct in vitro biochemical activity, structure, or isolated loss-of-function experiment has been characterized for SYN6 itself in the available corpus.\",\n  \"teleology\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2006,\n      \"claim\": \"Before this work it was unknown whether P. falciparum encodes a SNARE machinery; a genome-wide survey established SYN6 as a member of a parasite-specific syntaxin-like SNARE subfamily, framing it as a candidate vesicle-trafficking protein.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Bioinformatics genome analysis with GFP-tagging of selected family members (not SYN6 directly)\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"17240462\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"SYN6 was identified only computationally; no direct experiment was performed on SYN6 itself\",\n        \"SYN6 was not individually localized in this study\",\n        \"No biochemical or functional activity demonstrated for SYN6\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2020,\n      \"claim\": \"It was unknown what cellular process SYN6 contributes to; knockdown studies placed SYN6 alongside Stx16 and Vps45 in a SNARE complex functioning in inner membrane complex (alveoli) biogenesis, giving the protein a defined pathway context.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Conditional knockdown of SNARE proteins with phenotypic analysis of IMC biogenesis in T. gondii and P. falciparum\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"33082261\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"SYN6's specific role was inferred as part of a multi-protein complex rather than tested in isolation\",\n        \"No direct biochemical demonstration of SNARE complex assembly by SYN6\",\n        \"No structure or membrane-fusion activity reported for SYN6\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"},\n        {\"species\": \"Toxoplasma gondii\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": null,\n      \"claim\": \"Whether SYN6 has intrinsic SNARE-mediated membrane fusion activity, defined subcellular localization, and a distinguishable individual loss-of-function phenotype remains unresolved.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"\",\n      \"pmids\": [],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"No isolated SYN6 loss-of-function experiment reported\",\n        \"No structural model or in vitro reconstitution of SYN6\",\n        \"SYN6-specific subcellular localization not determined\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"mechanism_profile\": {\n    \"molecular_activity\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005484\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [0]}\n    ],\n    \"localization\": [],\n    \"pathway\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0016192\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [1]}\n    ],\n    \"complexes\": [\"SNARE complex with Stx16 and Vps45 (IMC biogenesis)\"],\n    \"partners\": [\"Stx16\", \"Vps45\"],\n    \"other_free_text\": [\n      \"Member of a P. falciparum-specific syntaxin-like SNARE subfamily (1 of 18 SNARE-like proteins identified genome-wide) [#0].\",\n      \"Implicated in inner membrane complex (alveoli) biogenesis via a SNARE complex, based on knockdown studies in P. falciparum and T. gondii [#1].\",\n      \"No direct in vitro activity, structure, or isolated loss-of-function data reported for SYN6 itself in the available corpus.\"\n    ]\n  }\n}","audit_flag":{"gene":"PF3D7_0530100","tier":"IDENTITY_CHECK","verdict":"identity unverified","subtype":"names_other_cards","uniprot_band":"","rules_fired":"R12","issue":"No cited paper names this card; 1 of 2 cited papers name other catalogue genes (PF3D7_1034000, PF3D7_1243000, PF3D7_1452500). The summary may describe one of those genes."},"strains":[{"strain":"Pf3D7","gene_id":"PF3D7_0530100","name":null,"product":"SNARE protein, putative","uniprot_acc":null,"chromosome":null,"start_pos":null},{"strain":"PbANKA","gene_id":"PBANKA_1244500","name":null,"product":"SNARE protein, putative","uniprot_acc":null,"chromosome":null,"start_pos":null},{"strain":"PkH","gene_id":"PKNH_1002600","name":null,"product":"SNARE protein, putative","uniprot_acc":null,"chromosome":null,"start_pos":null}],"gene_symbol":"SYN6","evaluation":null}