{"gene":"PBANKA_1133400","run_date":"2026-09-07T10:55:50","timeline":{"discoveries":[{"year":1998,"finding":"Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum each contain two identical copies of the EF-1alpha gene, organized in a head-to-head orientation; both copies are expressed simultaneously during erythrocytic development, suggesting the duplication reflects a gene dosage effect rather than functional divergence. The small intergenic region likely contains two strong promoters or a single bidirectional one.","method":"Genomic Southern blotting, gene sequencing, RNA expression analysis, codon usage comparison","journal":"Molecular and biochemical parasitology","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Moderate — direct genomic and expression characterization in multiple Plasmodium species by a single lab; multiple methods (sequencing, Southern, RNA analysis) but no functional mutagenesis","pmids":["9719506"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""},{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""},{"species":"Plasmodium knowlesi","strain":""}]},{"year":2007,"finding":"A conserved hexanucleotide motif (GCATAT) in the EF-1alpha intergenic (promoter) region is active in driving gene expression in Plasmodium; mutation of this motif in the P. berghei EF-1alpha promoter region decreased reporter gene expression, identifying it as a functional cis-regulatory element.","method":"Luciferase reporter transfection assay with site-directed mutagenesis of the promoter motif in P. berghei","journal":"Malaria journal","confidence":"Medium","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Moderate — direct promoter-mutagenesis with quantitative reporter readout in a single lab; functional consequence clearly established but limited to promoter-level mechanism","pmids":["17313673"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""},{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""}]},{"year":2019,"finding":"EF-1alpha is secreted via P. berghei NK65 blood-stage extracellular vesicles (EVs) and confers immunosuppressive activity: EVs from EF-1alpha-deficient parasites failed to inhibit CD4+ T cell proliferative responses in vitro and in vivo, and did not dephosphorylate PLCγ1, Akt, and ERK in T cells, whereas EVs from wild-type parasites did. Immunisation with EF-1alpha alone conferred long-lasting antiparasite protection and immune memory in mice.","method":"Genetic knockout of EF-1alpha in P. berghei; EV isolation and functional assays (T cell proliferation, delayed-type hypersensitivity in vivo, Western blot for T cell signalling phosphorylation); vaccination experiments","journal":"Cellular microbiology","confidence":"High","confidence_rationale":"Tier 2 / Strong — genetic loss-of-function with defined cellular phenotype, confirmed both in vitro and in vivo with multiple orthogonal readouts (proliferation, DTH, phospho-signalling), single lab but multiple methods and replicated across settings","pmids":["30835870"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":"NK65"}]},{"year":2003,"finding":"EF-1alpha from P. falciparum was identified as one of several parasite proteins that bind ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FPIX) after chloroquine treatment; the protein was extracted from parasite cytosol by its ability to bind FPIX, and sequenced by mass spectrometry. The functional significance of this binding for parasite killing was assessed as likely inconsequential compared to glycolytic enzyme inhibition.","method":"FPIX-affinity extraction from P. falciparum cytosol followed by protein sequencing/identification","journal":"Parasite (Paris, France)","confidence":"Low","confidence_rationale":"Tier 3 / Weak — single biochemical pulldown with no functional mutagenesis or direct activity assay for EF-1alpha specifically; authors assessed the binding as likely inconsequential","pmids":["12669348"],"is_preprint":false,"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""}]}],"current_model":"PBANKA_1133400 (EF-1alpha) is present as two identical, co-expressed gene copies organized head-to-head in the Plasmodium genome, driven by a promoter containing a conserved GCATAT cis-element required for full expression; the protein is secreted via blood-stage extracellular vesicles and directly suppresses host CD4+ T cell responses by promoting dephosphorylation of TCR signalling molecules (PLCγ1, Akt, ERK), as demonstrated by loss of immunosuppressive activity in EF-1alpha-knockout parasites, and immunisation with the protein alone confers antiparasite protection."},"narrative":{"mechanistic_narrative":"PBANKA_1133400 encodes elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1alpha), which in Plasmodium is present as two identical head-to-head gene copies co-expressed throughout erythrocytic development, consistent with a gene-dosage rather than divergence effect [PMID:9719506]. Its expression depends on a conserved GCATAT hexanucleotide cis-element in the intergenic promoter region, whose mutation reduces reporter output in P. berghei [PMID:17313673]. Beyond its role in the parasite's own biology, EF-1alpha functions as a secreted immunomodulator: in P. berghei NK65 it is exported via blood-stage extracellular vesicles and directly suppresses host CD4+ T cell responses, promoting dephosphorylation of the TCR signalling molecules PLCγ1, Akt, and ERK; genetic knockout abolishes this immunosuppressive activity in vitro and in vivo, and immunisation with EF-1alpha alone confers durable antiparasite protection [PMID:30835870]. No enzymatic translation-elongation role for the Plasmodium protein has been directly characterized in the available corpus.","teleology":[{"year":1998,"claim":"Established the genomic organization and expression pattern of the parasite EF-1alpha locus, showing it exists as duplicated, co-expressed copies rather than a single or divergent gene.","evidence":"Genomic Southern blotting, gene sequencing, RNA expression and codon-usage analysis across Plasmodium species","pmids":["9719506"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Whether the two copies are functionally redundant was inferred, not tested by copy-specific knockout","The promoter architecture (two promoters vs one bidirectional) was proposed but not resolved","No protein-level function assigned"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""},{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""},{"species":"Plasmodium knowlesi","strain":""}]},{"year":2003,"claim":"Tested whether EF-1alpha contributes to chloroquine action by asking if it binds the drug-target metabolite FPIX, addressing a candidate antimalarial mechanism.","evidence":"FPIX-affinity extraction from P. falciparum cytosol followed by mass-spectrometry identification","pmids":["12669348"],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["Single biochemical pulldown with no mutagenesis or activity assay specific to EF-1alpha; binding judged likely inconsequential by the authors","No demonstration that FPIX binding alters any EF-1alpha function","Physiological relevance to parasite killing not established"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""}]},{"year":2007,"claim":"Identified the cis-regulatory basis of EF-1alpha expression, defining a conserved promoter motif required for full transcriptional activity.","evidence":"Luciferase reporter transfection with site-directed mutagenesis of the GCATAT motif in the P. berghei EF-1alpha promoter","pmids":["17313673"],"confidence":"Medium","gaps":["Trans-acting factors binding the GCATAT element were not identified","Contribution to endogenous EF-1alpha levels versus reporter output not quantified"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":""},{"species":"Plasmodium falciparum","strain":""}]},{"year":2019,"claim":"Defined a non-canonical, host-directed function for EF-1alpha as a secreted immunosuppressant, explaining how the parasite dampens CD4+ T cell responses and revealing vaccine potential.","evidence":"Genetic knockout in P. berghei NK65 with EV isolation and functional readouts (T cell proliferation, delayed-type hypersensitivity in vivo, phospho-Western for PLCγ1/Akt/ERK), plus vaccination challenge","pmids":["30835870"],"confidence":"High","gaps":["The direct T-cell target or phosphatase-recruiting mechanism driving PLCγ1/Akt/ERK dephosphorylation is not resolved","How EF-1alpha is loaded into extracellular vesicles is unknown","Whether the P. falciparum ortholog behaves identically was not tested"],"attribution":[{"species":"Plasmodium berghei","strain":"NK65"}]},{"year":null,"claim":"The molecular mechanism by which secreted EF-1alpha triggers dephosphorylation of host TCR signalling components, and whether it retains any canonical translation-elongation activity in the parasite, remain open.","evidence":"","pmids":[],"confidence":"Low","gaps":["No identified host receptor or phosphatase partner","No structural basis for the immunosuppressive activity","No direct assay of translation-elongation function for the Plasmodium protein"],"attribution":[]}],"mechanism_profile":{"molecular_activity":[],"localization":[],"pathway":[],"complexes":[],"partners":["FERRIPROTOPORPHYRIN IX (FPIX) — BIOCHEMICAL BINDING IN P. FALCIPARUM [#3]"],"other_free_text":["Encoded by two identical head-to-head gene copies co-expressed in blood stages [#0]","Expression driven by a promoter containing a functional conserved GCATAT cis-element [#1]","Secreted in blood-stage extracellular vesicles; suppresses host CD4+ T cell proliferation and promotes dephosphorylation of PLCγ1, Akt, and ERK [#2]","Immunisation with EF-1alpha alone confers long-lasting antiparasite protection and immune memory in mice [#2]"]}},"prefetch_data":{},"corpus_meta":[{"pmid":"25359557","id":"PMC_25359557","title":"A comprehensive evaluation of rodent malaria parasite genomes and gene expression.","date":"2014","source":"BMC biology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25359557","citation_count":217,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pb"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["curated_ref"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"11251817","id":"PMC_11251817","title":"Plasmodium protein phosphatase 2C dephosphorylates translation elongation factor 1beta and inhibits its PKC-mediated nucleotide exchange activity in vitro.","date":"2001","source":"Molecular microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11251817","citation_count":55,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pb"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["EF-1alpha"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"9719506","id":"PMC_9719506","title":"Malaria parasites contain two identical copies of an elongation factor 1 alpha gene.","date":"1998","source":"Molecular and biochemical parasitology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9719506","citation_count":48,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pb"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["EF-1alpha","elongation factor 1-alpha"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"30835870","id":"PMC_30835870","title":"Histamine releasing factor and elongation factor 1 alpha secreted via malaria parasites extracellular vesicles promote immune evasion by inhibiting specific T cell responses.","date":"2019","source":"Cellular microbiology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30835870","citation_count":38,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pb"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["EF-1alpha","elongation factor 1-alpha"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"12669348","id":"PMC_12669348","title":"The treatment of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes with chloroquine leads to accumulation of ferriprotoporphyrin IX bound to particular parasite proteins and to the inhibition of the parasite's 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.","date":"2003","source":"Parasite (Paris, France)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12669348","citation_count":36,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pb"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["elongation factor 1-alpha"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"22360485","id":"PMC_22360485","title":"Finding the smoking gun: protein tyrosine phosphatases as tools and targets of unicellular microorganisms and viruses.","date":"2012","source":"Current medicinal chemistry","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22360485","citation_count":35,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pb"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["EF-1alpha"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"17313673","id":"PMC_17313673","title":"Promoter regions of Plasmodium vivax are poorly or not recognized by Plasmodium falciparum.","date":"2007","source":"Malaria journal","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17313673","citation_count":11,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pb"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["EF-1alpha"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"28761783","id":"PMC_28761783","title":"Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of Anopheles dirus TEP1 and NOS during Plasmodium berghei infection, using three reference genes.","date":"2017","source":"PeerJ","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28761783","citation_count":6,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pb"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["elongation factor 1-alpha"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"9803415","id":"PMC_9803415","title":"Characterisation of the Cdc2-related kinase 2 gene from Plasmodium knowlesi and P. berghei.","date":"1998","source":"Molecular and biochemical parasitology","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9803415","citation_count":6,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pb"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["elongation factor 1-alpha"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false},{"pmid":"41616650","id":"PMC_41616650","title":"Immunological response of using emulsifying elongation factor 1 alpha of Plasmodium falciparum-based vaccines in complete Freund's adjuvant.","date":"2026","source":"Vaccine","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41616650","citation_count":0,"is_preprint":false,"source_species":["Pb"],"role":"primary","match_terms":["elongation factor 1-alpha"],"competing_organism_flag":false,"competing_organism_match":"","competing_organism_only":false}],"cost":{"stage1":{"model":"claude-sonnet-4-6","input_tokens":7885,"output_tokens":1393,"usd":0.022275,"stage1_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"stage2":{"model":"claude-opus-4-8","input_tokens":6305,"output_tokens":2387,"usd":0.0456,"stage2_stop_reason":"end_turn"},"total_usd":0.067875,"stage1_batch_id":"msgbatch_01DbiymDmubkPpYvdbAu5a7V","stage2_batch_id":"msgbatch_012TbrWvMRH129T7PQ4SmvrJ","note":"batch pricing = 50% of standard"},"stage1_raw":"```json\n{\n  \"discoveries\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 1998,\n      \"finding\": \"Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum each contain two identical copies of the EF-1alpha gene, organized in a head-to-head orientation; both copies are expressed simultaneously during erythrocytic development, suggesting the duplication reflects a gene dosage effect rather than functional divergence. The small intergenic region likely contains two strong promoters or a single bidirectional one.\",\n      \"method\": \"Genomic Southern blotting, gene sequencing, RNA expression analysis, codon usage comparison\",\n      \"journal\": \"Molecular and biochemical parasitology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Moderate — direct genomic and expression characterization in multiple Plasmodium species by a single lab; multiple methods (sequencing, Southern, RNA analysis) but no functional mutagenesis\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"9719506\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"},\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"},\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium knowlesi\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2007,\n      \"finding\": \"A conserved hexanucleotide motif (GCATAT) in the EF-1alpha intergenic (promoter) region is active in driving gene expression in Plasmodium; mutation of this motif in the P. berghei EF-1alpha promoter region decreased reporter gene expression, identifying it as a functional cis-regulatory element.\",\n      \"method\": \"Luciferase reporter transfection assay with site-directed mutagenesis of the promoter motif in P. berghei\",\n      \"journal\": \"Malaria journal\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Moderate — direct promoter-mutagenesis with quantitative reporter readout in a single lab; functional consequence clearly established but limited to promoter-level mechanism\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"17313673\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"},\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2019,\n      \"finding\": \"EF-1alpha is secreted via P. berghei NK65 blood-stage extracellular vesicles (EVs) and confers immunosuppressive activity: EVs from EF-1alpha-deficient parasites failed to inhibit CD4+ T cell proliferative responses in vitro and in vivo, and did not dephosphorylate PLCγ1, Akt, and ERK in T cells, whereas EVs from wild-type parasites did. Immunisation with EF-1alpha alone conferred long-lasting antiparasite protection and immune memory in mice.\",\n      \"method\": \"Genetic knockout of EF-1alpha in P. berghei; EV isolation and functional assays (T cell proliferation, delayed-type hypersensitivity in vivo, Western blot for T cell signalling phosphorylation); vaccination experiments\",\n      \"journal\": \"Cellular microbiology\",\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 2 / Strong — genetic loss-of-function with defined cellular phenotype, confirmed both in vitro and in vivo with multiple orthogonal readouts (proliferation, DTH, phospho-signalling), single lab but multiple methods and replicated across settings\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"30835870\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"NK65\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2003,\n      \"finding\": \"EF-1alpha from P. falciparum was identified as one of several parasite proteins that bind ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FPIX) after chloroquine treatment; the protein was extracted from parasite cytosol by its ability to bind FPIX, and sequenced by mass spectrometry. The functional significance of this binding for parasite killing was assessed as likely inconsequential compared to glycolytic enzyme inhibition.\",\n      \"method\": \"FPIX-affinity extraction from P. falciparum cytosol followed by protein sequencing/identification\",\n      \"journal\": \"Parasite (Paris, France)\",\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"confidence_rationale\": \"Tier 3 / Weak — single biochemical pulldown with no functional mutagenesis or direct activity assay for EF-1alpha specifically; authors assessed the binding as likely inconsequential\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"12669348\"],\n      \"is_preprint\": false,\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"current_model\": \"PBANKA_1133400 (EF-1alpha) is present as two identical, co-expressed gene copies organized head-to-head in the Plasmodium genome, driven by a promoter containing a conserved GCATAT cis-element required for full expression; the protein is secreted via blood-stage extracellular vesicles and directly suppresses host CD4+ T cell responses by promoting dephosphorylation of TCR signalling molecules (PLCγ1, Akt, ERK), as demonstrated by loss of immunosuppressive activity in EF-1alpha-knockout parasites, and immunisation with the protein alone confers antiparasite protection.\"\n}\n```","stage2_raw":"{\n  \"mechanistic_narrative\": \"PBANKA_1133400 encodes elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1alpha), which in Plasmodium is present as two identical head-to-head gene copies co-expressed throughout erythrocytic development, consistent with a gene-dosage rather than divergence effect [#0]. Its expression depends on a conserved GCATAT hexanucleotide cis-element in the intergenic promoter region, whose mutation reduces reporter output in P. berghei [#1]. Beyond its role in the parasite's own biology, EF-1alpha functions as a secreted immunomodulator: in P. berghei NK65 it is exported via blood-stage extracellular vesicles and directly suppresses host CD4+ T cell responses, promoting dephosphorylation of the TCR signalling molecules PLC\\u03b31, Akt, and ERK; genetic knockout abolishes this immunosuppressive activity in vitro and in vivo, and immunisation with EF-1alpha alone confers durable antiparasite protection [#2]. No enzymatic translation-elongation role for the Plasmodium protein has been directly characterized in the available corpus.\",\n  \"teleology\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 1998,\n      \"claim\": \"Established the genomic organization and expression pattern of the parasite EF-1alpha locus, showing it exists as duplicated, co-expressed copies rather than a single or divergent gene.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Genomic Southern blotting, gene sequencing, RNA expression and codon-usage analysis across Plasmodium species\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"9719506\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Whether the two copies are functionally redundant was inferred, not tested by copy-specific knockout\",\n        \"The promoter architecture (two promoters vs one bidirectional) was proposed but not resolved\",\n        \"No protein-level function assigned\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"},\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"},\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium knowlesi\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2003,\n      \"claim\": \"Tested whether EF-1alpha contributes to chloroquine action by asking if it binds the drug-target metabolite FPIX, addressing a candidate antimalarial mechanism.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"FPIX-affinity extraction from P. falciparum cytosol followed by mass-spectrometry identification\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"12669348\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Single biochemical pulldown with no mutagenesis or activity assay specific to EF-1alpha; binding judged likely inconsequential by the authors\",\n        \"No demonstration that FPIX binding alters any EF-1alpha function\",\n        \"Physiological relevance to parasite killing not established\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2007,\n      \"claim\": \"Identified the cis-regulatory basis of EF-1alpha expression, defining a conserved promoter motif required for full transcriptional activity.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Luciferase reporter transfection with site-directed mutagenesis of the GCATAT motif in the P. berghei EF-1alpha promoter\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"17313673\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"Medium\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"Trans-acting factors binding the GCATAT element were not identified\",\n        \"Contribution to endogenous EF-1alpha levels versus reporter output not quantified\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"\"},\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium falciparum\", \"strain\": \"\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2019,\n      \"claim\": \"Defined a non-canonical, host-directed function for EF-1alpha as a secreted immunosuppressant, explaining how the parasite dampens CD4+ T cell responses and revealing vaccine potential.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"Genetic knockout in P. berghei NK65 with EV isolation and functional readouts (T cell proliferation, delayed-type hypersensitivity in vivo, phospho-Western for PLC\\u03b31/Akt/ERK), plus vaccination challenge\",\n      \"pmids\": [\"30835870\"],\n      \"confidence\": \"High\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"The direct T-cell target or phosphatase-recruiting mechanism driving PLC\\u03b31/Akt/ERK dephosphorylation is not resolved\",\n        \"How EF-1alpha is loaded into extracellular vesicles is unknown\",\n        \"Whether the P. falciparum ortholog behaves identically was not tested\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": [\n        {\"species\": \"Plasmodium berghei\", \"strain\": \"NK65\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": null,\n      \"claim\": \"The molecular mechanism by which secreted EF-1alpha triggers dephosphorylation of host TCR signalling components, and whether it retains any canonical translation-elongation activity in the parasite, remain open.\",\n      \"evidence\": \"\",\n      \"pmids\": [],\n      \"confidence\": \"Low\",\n      \"gaps\": [\n        \"No identified host receptor or phosphatase partner\",\n        \"No structural basis for the immunosuppressive activity\",\n        \"No direct assay of translation-elongation function for the Plasmodium protein\"\n      ],\n      \"attribution\": []\n    }\n  ],\n  \"mechanism_profile\": {\n    \"molecular_activity\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005096\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [2]}\n    ],\n    \"localization\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:1903561\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [2]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0005829\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [3]}\n    ],\n    \"pathway\": [\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0050777\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [2]},\n      {\"term_id\": \"GO:0050860\", \"supporting_discovery_ids\": [2]}\n    ],\n    \"complexes\": [],\n    \"partners\": [\n      \"Ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FPIX) — biochemical binding in P. falciparum [#3]\"\n    ],\n    \"other_free_text\": [\n      \"Encoded by two identical head-to-head gene copies co-expressed in blood stages [#0]\",\n      \"Expression driven by a promoter containing a functional conserved GCATAT cis-element [#1]\",\n      \"Secreted in blood-stage extracellular vesicles; suppresses host CD4+ T cell proliferation and promotes dephosphorylation of PLC\\u03b31, Akt, and ERK [#2]\",\n      \"Immunisation with EF-1alpha alone confers long-lasting antiparasite protection and immune memory in mice [#2]\"\n    ]\n  }\n}","audit_flag":null,"strains":[{"strain":"PbANKA","gene_id":"PBANKA_1133400","name":null,"product":"elongation factor 1-alpha","uniprot_acc":null,"chromosome":null,"start_pos":null}],"gene_symbol":"EF-1alpha","evaluation":null}